A cartographic feed, open-data repository and ongoing portfolio of thematic maps of Brazil. Layers in GeoPackage, with QGIS styles, citable with a DOI.https://aikiesan.github.io/en-gbhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/115-pequenos-longe-do-gas-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/115-pequenos-longe-do-gas-sp/48 São Paulo municipalities combine three things: biomethane potential in the state’s top quarter, fewer than 20,000 people and over 50 km from the transmission pipeline. Together they hold 21% of the state’s accessible potential, 3.53 million m³ a day, for 487 thousand people, mostly from cane. According to MUNIC 2023, 34 of them run solid-waste services on their own, 9 have another regional arrangement and 5 are in a public consortium; none uses piped gas. Going it alone is as common in the group as statewide: this is a descriptive portrait, with no test. Ariranha, with 7,602 people, has the group’s largest potential, 176 thousand m³/day. Fifth plate of the collection “Bioenergy, crossed”.Tue, 03 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbioenergia-cruzada-spsao-paulobiometanocp2bresiduos-solidosconsorciosgasodutosmunichttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/114-esterco-longe-de-quem-aduba-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/114-esterco-longe-de-quem-aduba-sp/Where there are more cattle per km², fewer farm holdings use organic fertiliser. Across the 617 São Paulo municipalities with data, the rank correlation between the 2024 cattle herd and the share of holdings that applied organic fertiliser in the 2017 Agricultural Census is −0.41, and −0.32 net of urbanisation, density and income. In the quarter of municipalities with fewest cattle, the median is 32%; in the quarter with most, 18%. Grazing cattle leave their manure on pasture, and organic fertiliser includes compost from market gardens near towns: Ferraz de Vasconcelos, with 2.2 cattle per km², has 81%; Presidente Bernardes, with 202, 16%. Fourth plate of the collection “Bioenergy, crossed”.Tue, 03 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbioenergia-cruzada-spsao-paulobovinosadubo-organicoestercocenso-agro-2017correlacaohttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/113-eucalipto-encostado-na-mata-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/113-eucalipto-encostado-na-mata-sp/In São Paulo municipalities that harvest plantation wood for paper and pulp, the more native vegetation remains, the more wood comes out per km². Across the 366 municipalities in PEVS 2024, the rank correlation is 0.42, and 0.47 net of urbanisation, density and income. The median producer has 18.7% of its area under native vegetation; surveyed municipalities that do not produce, 9.8%. The 127 producers harvested 24.8 million m³, mostly in the south-west, around Sorocaba, and the centre-west, around Bauru. Capão Bonito combines 39% native cover with 1.70 million m³. Relief and soils that keep cane away may lie behind both. Third plate of the collection “Bioenergy, crossed”.Tue, 03 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbioenergia-cruzada-spsao-paulosilviculturaeucaliptocelulosevegetacao-nativamapbiomascorrelacaohttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/112-diesel-que-o-biometano-cobriria-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/112-diesel-que-o-biometano-cobriria-sp/If all of São Paulo’s accessible biomethane potential became fuel, 6.16 billion m³ a year, it would cover in energy 44% of the 13.6 billion litres of diesel sold in the state in 2024; outside the São Paulo intermediate region, 61%. In 300 of the 643 municipalities the potential exceeds the diesel sold, and in the median municipality it reaches 80%. Sertãozinho would cover its own diesel with a third to spare; the whole Presidente Prudente region reaches 125%; the capital, 3%. It is an energy sum, not a plan: CP2B is a model, and diesel sales are not consumption. Second plate of the collection “Bioenergy, crossed”.Tue, 03 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbioenergia-cruzada-spsao-paulobiometanodieselcp2bcombustiveispotencialhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/111-cana-no-tanque-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/111-cana-no-tanque-sp/In São Paulo municipalities with more cane, ethanol weighs more in the fuel sold for petrol and flex-fuel engines. In energy, hydrous ethanol was 43% of Otto-cycle sales statewide in 2024; in the third of municipalities with least cane, 38%; in the third with most, 52%. The rank correlation is 0.70 and stays at 0.59 net of urbanisation, density and income. In Ibaté, with cane on 51% of its area, ethanol reaches 69%; in São Luiz do Paraitinga, with no cane, it is 16%. Sales are not consumption, and prices, the fleet and distance from mills may lie behind it. First plate of the collection “Bioenergy, crossed”.Tue, 03 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbioenergia-cruzada-spsao-paulocanaetanolcombustiveismapbiomascorrelacaohttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/092-o-que-o-co2-pode-virar-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/092-o-que-o-co2-pode-virar-sp/With hydrogen, biogenic CO₂ can become fuel. One tonne of CO₂ plus 183 kg of H₂ gives 365 kg of methane, about 509 m³; with 137 kg of H₂, it gives 728 kg of methanol. Adding the vat CO₂ of the 2025/26 harvest (8.9 million t) to what upgrading the possible biogas would separate (9.1 million), São Paulo would have 18 million t a year: enough for 25 million m³ of e-methane a day, almost twice the natural gas the state used in 2024, or for 13 million t of methanol. But the sum calls for 3.3 million t of green hydrogen and 182 TWh of electricity, 1.2 times the state’s use. The Ribeirão Preto region holds 26% of the total, and 60% of the vat CO₂ lies over 50 km from a gas pipeline. It is a theoretical calculation and an estimate. Last plate of the collection “Biogenic carbon”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomasscarbono-spsao-pauloco2-biogenicohidrogenio-verdee-metanoe-metanolpower-to-xgasodutoshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/091-co2-biogenico-e-fossil-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/091-co2-biogenico-e-fossil-sp/The gas leaving an ethanol vat is almost 100% CO₂; a combustion stack carries 3% to 15%. That is why mills are among the easiest sources to capture. In 2024, São Paulo’s vats released about 10.1 million t of biogenic CO₂. Natural gas burnt by industry, cogeneration and power plants, fuel oil and coke added up to 9.3 million t of fossil CO₂, on the SEMIL Energy Yearbook and IPCC factors. In these large fixed sources, 52% of the CO₂ comes from sugarcane. The map splits: across the cane-growing interior, 116 municipalities have more biogenic than fossil CO₂; fossil CO₂ concentrates in the capital (850,000 t), Cubatão (738,000), Santa Gertrudes, Paulínia and Jacareí. In Piracicaba the two mix: 34% is biogenic. The fossil figure here is a floor. Third plate of the collection “Biogenic carbon”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomasscarbono-spsao-pauloco2-biogenicoco2-fossilgas-naturalindustriaetanolsemilhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/090-co2-do-biogas-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/090-co2-do-biogas-sp/Biogas leaves the digester as methane and CO₂; the CO₂ takes up 32% to 48% of the volume, depending on the residue. To become biomethane, which can enter the gas grid, biogas goes through upgrading, which separates out this CO₂, a concentrated, biogenic gas. If all the possible biogas in São Paulo were made and upgraded, on the CP2B potential (level N4, reference scenario), about 9.1 million t of CO₂ a year would come out, almost as much as the ethanol vats release in a harvest. 82% would come from cane residues: vinasse, filter cake, bagasse and straw. Guaíra leads with 178,000 t, followed by Morro Agudo with 154,000 and Sertãozinho with 136,000; the capital reaches 72,000 t from organic waste, pruning and sewage sludge. It is a potential, not a current emission, and an estimate. Second plate of the collection “Biogenic carbon”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomasscarbono-spsao-paulobiogasbiometanopurificacaoco2-biogenicocp2bhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/089-co2-das-dornas-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/089-co2-das-dornas-sp/In the fermentation vat, yeast turns cane sugar into ethanol and releases CO₂ in step: 0.955 kg of gas per kg of alcohol, about 0.75 t per m³. It is almost pure CO₂, of biological origin, and today it goes into the air. In the 2025/26 harvest, São Paulo’s mills made 12.1 billion litres of ethanol; by stoichiometry, about 8.9 million tonnes of CO₂ left the vats, from 145 mills in 119 municipalities. Guaíra, with three mills, leads with about 271,000 t; Pitangueiras, Sertãozinho and Buritizal each pass 190,000. The gas follows the crushing season: 1.4 million t in August and almost nothing from December to March. As ANP publishes output only by state, each mill’s share is estimated from its authorised capacity; everything here is an estimate. First plate of the collection “Biogenic carbon”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomasscarbono-spsao-pauloetanolfermentacaoco2-biogenicocaptura-de-carbonousinasanphttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/084-digestato-do-biogas-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/084-digestato-do-biogas-sp/The biomethane potential of poultry, pig and cattle manure in São Paulo, at CP2B’s accessible level, is 1.29 million m³ a day. The digestate left by that biogas keeps the manure’s nutrients: about 98,000 tonnes of nitrogen, 49,000 of P₂O₅ and 48,000 of K₂O a year, equal to 25% of the phosphorus, 14% of the nitrogen and 9% of the potassium that the state’s harvests remove. Three quarters of the nitrogen would come from poultry farms. In 61 municipalities with at least 1,000 hectares harvested, digestate would supply all the P₂O₅ of the harvest. Bastos would have 2,200 tonnes of P₂O₅ in digestate, a hundred times what its crops remove; Botucatu, with 43,000 hectares of crops, 117%. Sugarcane, which makes up most of CP2B’s potential, is left out: vinasse, filter cake and straw already go back to the fields. Fourth and last plate of the collection “Manure that feeds the soil”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassnutrientes-spsao-paulobiogasbiometanodigestatocp2bdejetosbalanco-de-nutrientesmunicipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/083-dejetos-e-colheitas-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/083-dejetos-e-colheitas-sp/São Paulo’s harvests take from the soil, every year, about 700,000 tonnes of nitrogen, 194,000 of P₂O₅ and 555,000 of K₂O, by 2024 PAM production and IPNI contents. The manure of poultry, pigs and dairy cows, the part that can be collected, holds 172,000, 89,000 and 87,000: it replaces 46% of the phosphorus, 25% of the nitrogen and 16% of the potassium. Sugarcane weighs on the account: it removes half the nitrogen and 71% of the potassium, and part of that returns to the canefields with vinasse and filter cake. Of the 527 municipalities with at least 1,000 hectares harvested, 114 have manure to replace all the phosphorus, 54 all the nitrogen and 36 all the potassium. In the grain regions the account does not balance: Itapeva removes 21,800 tonnes of N at harvest, and local manure covers 3.3%. Third plate of the collection “Manure that feeds the soil”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTLand Usenutrientes-spsao-paulodejetoscolheitasnitrogeniofosforopotassiobalanco-de-nutrientesmunicipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/082-fosforo-dos-dejetos-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/082-fosforo-dos-dejetos-sp/Poultry, pigs and dairy cows live in sheds and byres, and their manure can be collected: about 88,500 tonnes of P₂O₅ a year in São Paulo, 5.2 kg per farmland hectare. Broilers give 45%, milked cows 33%, laying hens 12% and pigs 10%. Phosphorus builds up where farms cluster: Bastos has 188 kg of P₂O₅ per hectare, Cerquilho 131, Jumirim 98, Cabreúva and Porangaba 81. In 177 municipalities, manure phosphorus exceeds what the municipality’s own harvests remove; together they hold 51,000 tonnes of P₂O₅ in manure, 33,000 more than their crops take. In Bastos, manure holds 130 times the phosphorus of the harvest; in Mococa, with 6.75 million broilers, twice as much. Second plate of the collection “Manure that feeds the soil”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTLand Usenutrientes-spsao-paulodejetosfosforoaviculturasuinoculturaleitebalanco-de-nutrientesmunicipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/081-nitrogenio-dos-dejetos-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/081-nitrogenio-dos-dejetos-sp/São Paulo’s herds excrete about 535,000 tonnes of nitrogen a year, by a calculation using the 2024 PPM head counts and IPCC coefficients. Over the 16.9 million hectares of MapBiomas farmland, that is 31.5 kg of N per hectare; the municipal median is 29 kg. Nearly two thirds (65%) comes from beef cattle, spread across the pastures; poultry gives 18%, dairy cows 11% and pigs 4%. The EU Nitrates Directive caps manure applied in vulnerable zones at 170 kg of N per hectare. Four São Paulo municipalities exceed it: Bastos, the egg capital, with 579 kg/ha, and Cerquilho (232), Jumirim (219) and Porangaba (171), with broiler farms. Presidente Bernardes, in the Pontal, has the largest total after Bastos: 5,600 tonnes, nearly all from grazing cattle. First plate of the collection “Manure that feeds the soil”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTLand Usenutrientes-spsao-paulodejetosnitrogeniopecuariabalanco-de-nutrientesmunicipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/080-quem-trata-o-residuo-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/080-quem-trata-o-residuo-sp/São Paulo’s organic rubbish, sewage sludge and prunings would yield 621,000 m³ of biomethane a day at CP2B’s accessible level, and that matter is in every town. Those who treat it are not. Only 71 of the 645 municipalities have formal jobs in waste treatment and disposal, landfills, composting and biogas plants: 7,555 in the state, against 52,000 in collection. The capital has 23% of urban biomethane and 1,861 of those jobs; São José dos Campos, Arujá and Caieiras come next. Yet 44% of urban biomethane lies in municipalities with no treatment jobs at all: Piracicaba has 13,000 m³ a day and none; São José do Rio Preto, 12,000 and none. There, waste travels to a landfill in another municipality or is handled by the council, outside the private count. Fifth and last plate of the collection “The bioeconomy at work”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbioeconomia-spsao-paulobioeconomiaresiduos-solidossaneamentobiometanocp2braismunicipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/079-biomassa-e-industria-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/079-biomassa-e-industria-sp/A bioeconomy hub needs two things in the same place: biomass and someone who knows how to convert it. This plate crosses the biomethane potential of residues (CP2B, accessible level, reference scenario) with formal jobs in bio-based industry (food, drink, wood, paper, fibres and biofuels), each split into thirds of the municipalities. In 115 municipalities both are in the top third: these are the hubs, with 61% of the state’s biomethane and 55% of those jobs, nearly all in the cane-growing north and centre. In 28, biomass is plentiful and industry scarce: Brejo Alegre has 77,000 m³ of biomethane a day and 4 industrial jobs. In 43, industry is strong and biomass is scarce, mostly in the metropolis: Barueri has 4,554 jobs and little residue of its own. Fourth plate of the collection “The bioeconomy at work”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbioeconomia-spsao-paulobioeconomiabiometanocp2bagroindustriaraismunicipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/078-industrias-do-residuo-organico-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/078-industrias-do-residuo-organico-sp/Some industries leave organic waste in volume: vinasse, filter cake and bagasse at the mills; blood, rumen contents and fatty effluent at slaughterhouses; whey at dairies; pulp and peel at juice plants; yeast and spent grain at breweries. In São Paulo, 364,647 formal jobs are in these industries, in 3,692 establishments and 531 municipalities. Sugar and ethanol account for 46%; slaughter, 23%. The capital has the most jobs, 16,133, split between dairy, oils, slaughter and drinks. Inland the mill rules: in Guaíra, 87% of the 7,588 jobs are in sugar and ethanol; Sertãozinho and Araras follow close behind. Slaughter leads in 124 municipalities, the mills in 116 and dairies in 89. CP2B already counts cane residues; the effluent of the other industries is left out. Third plate of the collection “The bioeconomy at work”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbioeconomia-spsao-paulobioeconomiaresiduos-organicosagroindustriabiogasraismunicipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/077-perfil-da-bioeconomia-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/077-perfil-da-bioeconomia-sp/São Paulo’s bioeconomy is, above all, a food factory: food, drink and tobacco account for 496,000 of the 1.05 million formal jobs, 47%, against 45% in Brazil. Farming, fishing and forestry have 350,000, 33%, below the country’s 38%. Wood, paper and wooden furniture have 147,000; biofuels, 43,000; natural fibres and leather, 18,000. By municipality, farming leads in 376 of the 645, nearly all small, in the west and the Ribeira Valley. The food industry leads in 203, around the mid-sized towns and the metropolis. Wood and paper lead in 44, such as Suzano, with 3,866 jobs. Ethanol mills lead in 17, among them Guaíra, with 6,245 jobs in biofuels. Fibres and leather lead in 5. Second plate of the collection “The bioeconomy at work”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbioeconomia-spsao-paulobioeconomiaempregoraisagroindustriamunicipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/076-bioeconomia-no-emprego-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/076-bioeconomia-no-emprego-sp/On 31 December 2025, 1.05 million formal jobs in São Paulo were in the bioeconomy: in farming, fishing and forestry, and in the industries that wholly convert biomass, such as food, drink, wood, paper, natural fibres, leather and biofuels. This is the scope the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) uses to measure the European Union’s bioeconomy. They are 6.5% of the state’s 16.16 million jobs, below Brazil’s 7.9%, yet SP holds 22% of the country’s formal bioeconomy. The share grows westwards: 20.7% in the Marília region, 1.7% in the São Paulo region. In 146 municipalities over 35% of formal jobs come from biomass; in Planalto, 80%. The capital has the largest number, 66,000 jobs, but only 1.2% of its own. First plate of the collection “The bioeconomy at work”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbioeconomia-spsao-paulobioeconomiaempregoraisbiomassamunicipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/075-producao-animal-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/075-producao-animal-sp/Milk, eggs, honey, silkworm cocoons and farmed fish were worth R$ 12.0 billion in São Paulo in 2024, according to the Municipal Livestock Survey. Eggs accounted for 61% of that value (R$ 7.3 billion), milk for 33% (R$ 3.9 billion), aquaculture for 6% and honey for less than 1%. On the map, however, the colour seen most is milk’s: it is the most valuable product in 423 municipalities, against 139 for eggs, 29 for aquaculture and 22 for honey. The egg money is concentrated in a few hubs. Bastos alone adds up to R$ 1.26 billion, 10% of the state, followed by Tupã, Mirassolândia and Itirapina; in the last two, eggs are more than 98% of the value. The ten largest municipalities account for 31% of the total. The survey does not include meat: the value of slaughtered animals is left out. Fifth and last plate of the collection “Milk, eggs, honey and fish”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTLand Useanimal-spsao-paulopecuariaovosleitemelaquiculturavalor-da-producaoibgeppmhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/074-tilapia-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/074-tilapia-sp/São Paulo farmed 67,000 tonnes of tilapia in 2024, 2.8 times the volume of 2013, the first year of the Municipal Livestock Survey’s aquaculture series. Tilapia is 95% of all fish farmed in the state. Brazil grew even faster, from 169,000 to 499,000 tonnes, and the state’s share stood at 13.4%. Farming is concentrated: 134 municipalities report production, and the ten largest account for 72%. The largest sit on the reservoirs of the Grande and Paraná rivers. Rifaina, on the border with Minas Gerais, leads with 10,000 tonnes, followed by Rubinéia, Santa Clara d'Oeste, Panorama and Riolândia. The São José do Rio Preto region, in the north-west, produces 42% of the total on its own. On the map, MapBiomas water shows the rivers and reservoirs, and hatching marks the 476 municipalities with no reported production. Fourth plate of the collection “Milk, eggs, honey and fish”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTLand Useanimal-spsao-paulotilapiaaquiculturapisciculturarepresasmapbiomasibgeppmhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/073-mel-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/073-mel-sp/São Paulo produced 6,800 tonnes of honey in 2024, 3.3 times what it produced in 2008. Production grew in almost every year and jumped by 23% from 2023 to 2024 alone. In Brazil the growth was smaller, from 37,800 to 67,300 tonnes, and the state’s share almost doubled, from 5.4% to 10.1%. Honey is concentrated in the centre-south of the state, around Botucatu: the Bauru intermediate region produces 43% of the total. Itatinga, with 750 tonnes, and Botucatu, with 725, add up to 22% of the state’s honey; Cabrália Paulista, Agudos and Capão Bonito follow, and the ten largest produce 49%. The number of producing municipalities is the same in both years, 408: the growth came from those already producing. The west, by contrast, barely shows. Third plate of the collection “Milk, eggs, honey and fish”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTLand Useanimal-spsao-paulomelapiculturapecuariaibgeppmhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/072-leite-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/072-leite-sp/São Paulo produced 1.51 billion litres of cow’s milk in 2024, the lowest volume since 2008. The peak came in 2015, at 1.77 billion; since then production has fallen by 15%, while Brazil’s rose to 35.7 billion litres. The state’s share went from 5.8% in 2008 to 4.2%. Milk is the most widespread animal product in the state: 603 of the 645 municipalities report some, and the ten largest add up to only 18%. Tapiratiba, in the north-east, leads with 41.5 million litres, 2.8% of the total, followed by Araras, Descalvado and Cunha. The darkest tones appear in the west, the north-east and the Paraíba valley, where Cunha and São Luiz do Paraitinga are among the six largest. The Campinas and São José dos Campos regions produce a third of the state’s milk. Second plate of the collection “Milk, eggs, honey and fish”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTLand Useanimal-spsao-pauloleitebovinospecuariabiometanocp2bibgeppmhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/071-ovos-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/071-ovos-sp/São Paulo produced 1.27 billion dozen hen eggs in 2024, 52% more than in 2008 and 23.6% of Brazil’s total. Bastos alone, in the Marília region, produced 270 million dozen, one in five of the state’s eggs. With Tupã and its neighbours, the Marília region accounts for 42% of production, and the ten largest municipalities for 54%. Even so, 540 municipalities report some production, and eggs appear across almost the whole map; only Greater São Paulo and the coast lack data. Laying-hen manure is also a residue: by the CP2B method it could yield 296,000 m³ of biomethane a day across the state, 62,600 of them in Bastos. Quail eggs went the other way, falling from 82.8 to 37.3 million dozen. First plate of the collection “Milk, eggs, honey and fish”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTLand Useanimal-spsao-pauloovosaviculturapecuariabiometanocp2bibgeppmhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/070-dentro-e-fora-das-favelas-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/070-dentro-e-fora-das-favelas-sp/In the 92 São Paulo municipalities that have favelas, the mean income of the household head is R$ 1,697 in the favelas and R$ 4,342 in the rest of the same town: 2.6 times as much. Inside, 73% of homes have sewage to the mains, against 94% outside; 68% of household heads are Black or brown, against about 40%; 16% of residents are aged 9 or under, against 11%; and almost no one lives in a flat (0.5%, against 28%). The map compares income inside and outside in each of the 45 municipalities with at least 5,000 favela residents. The gap is widest in rich towns: in Santos and São Paulo, income in the favela is 31% of that outside; in Ribeirão Preto and São José dos Campos, 33%. It narrows where the whole town is poor, as in Francisco Morato, Itaquaquecetuba and Rio Grande da Serra, at 81%. Last plate of the collection “Favelas and urban communities”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTCensus / Incomefavelas-spsao-paulofavelascomunidades-urbanasrendadesigualdadesaneamentocenso-2022municipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/069-entorno-das-favelas-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/069-entorno-das-favelas-sp/In the 2022 Census, the Urban Survey of Household Surroundings looked at the block face in front of each home. In São Paulo’s favelas, 15% of residents have no street lighting at the door, against 9% in the favelas of Rio and of Brazil as a whole. Paving is better than average: 19% live on an unpaved street, against 22% in Brazil. But 45% have no pavement to walk on, 56% no storm drain and 67% not a single tree on the block face, and for 22% the street only lets through motorbikes, bicycles or people on foot. Among the 34 municipalities with at least 10,000 favela residents, Ribeirão Preto leads on missing light, with 51% of residents in the dark; Bertioga on dirt roads, with 80%; and Cubatão on missing pavements, with 78%, ahead of Bertioga and Santos. The three maps share one frame: only the 92 municipalities with favelas.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTCensus / Incomefavelas-spsao-paulofavelascomunidades-urbanasiluminacao-publicapavimentacaocalcadaentorno-dos-domicilioscenso-2022municipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/068-favelas-na-metropole-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/068-favelas-na-metropole-sp/Seen tract by tract, the favelas of Greater São Paulo and the Santos coast are not one patch but hundreds of fragments on valley floors, hillsides and the edges of reservoirs, streams and mangroves. The map window, from Francisco Morato to Guarujá, holds 92% of the state’s favela residents, in 2,747 communities across 51 municipalities. The two largest are in the capital: Paraisópolis, with 59,000 residents, beside Morumbi, and Heliópolis, with 56,000, in the south, next to São Caetano do Sul. Then come Vila São Pedro, in São Bernardo do Campo, with 28,000, and Chafik/Macuco and Jardim Oratório, in Mauá. In the state, only 19 favelas exceed 10,000 residents, with 403,000 people between them; most are small: 2,167 have fewer than 1,000 residents, and the bulk of the population, 1.78 million, lives in the 876 with 1,000 to 5,000.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTCensus / Incomefavelas-spsao-paulofavelascomunidades-urbanasregiao-metropolitana-de-sao-paulobaixada-santistacenso-2022setores-censitarioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/067-favelas-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/067-favelas-sp/In 2022, 3.63 million people in São Paulo lived in tracts that IBGE classed as Favelas and Urban Communities: 8.2% of the population, one in twelve. There are 3,136 favelas and communities in 92 of the 645 municipalities. The capital has 1.73 million residents in them, nearly half the state’s total, in 1,363 communities: 15% of the city. By share of population, the coast leads: in Guarujá, 37% of residents live in favelas; in Cubatão, 33%; in São Sebastião, 30%. Outside the capital, the town with most people in favelas is Guarulhos, with 216,000, ahead of São Bernardo do Campo and Campinas. Inland, the exception is Campinas, with 12% of its population in favelas; in Ribeirão Preto it is 3%, in Sorocaba 2%. First plate of the collection “Favelas and urban communities”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTCensus / Incomefavelas-spsao-paulofavelascomunidades-urbanascenso-2022municipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/066-urbano-e-rural-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/066-urbano-e-rural-sp/Of the 44.1 million residents of private households in São Paulo, 1.30 million live in rural areas: 2.9%, three in every hundred. The state’s countryside is concentrated in the south and east: in the Sorocaba intermediate region, 11% of residents are rural; in Presidente Prudente, 8%; in São Paulo, 0.7%. The map darkens in the Ribeira Valley and the upper Paranapanema, the Mantiqueira and the Serra do Mar, where towns are small and homes scattered. Pedra Bela, on the border with Minas Gerais, has 73% of its residents in the countryside, and 14 municipalities have a rural majority. In numbers, the largest countryside is Mogi das Cruzes’s, with 27,000 rural residents, ahead of Ibiúna and Piedade; the capital has 16,000. Five municipalities in Greater São Paulo, and Águas de São Pedro, have none. Last plate of the collection “People across the land”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTCensus / Incomegente-spsao-paulopopulacao-ruralurbano-e-ruralcenso-2022municipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/065-idosos-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/065-idosos-sp/In 2022, 7.65 million people in São Paulo were aged 60 or over: 17.2% of the population, one in six. Over a million were past 80. Tract by tract, the map shows where they live. The dark blue of tracts where over 30% are 60 or older, home to 3.4 million people, spreads across the north-west and west: in the Presidente Prudente region, 20.1% are 60 or over; in the São Paulo region, 16.6%. In small towns such as Turmalina, Nova Canaã Paulista and Santana da Ponte Pensa, almost one in three; in Águas de São Pedro, 34%, the highest share in the state. Cajamar, in Greater São Paulo, is the youngest of the towns of over 50,000 people, with 10.6%. Plate 064 shows median age and the ageing index by municipality. Third plate of the collection “People across the land”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTCensus / Incomegente-spsao-pauloidososenvelhecimentoidadecenso-2022setores-censitarioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/064-idade-e-sexo-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/064-idade-e-sexo-sp/The median age in São Paulo is 36: half the people are younger, half older. But the state is ageing unevenly. In the north-west, in small towns such as Turmalina (51), Floreal and Santana da Ponte Pensa (47), there are already more people aged 65 or over than children up to 14: 90 municipalities are like this. In Greater São Paulo the index falls to 32 in Itapevi, three children per older person. In 446 of the 645 municipalities there are more women than men; Santos has 83 men per 100 women. The sex ratio map has dark blue patches: Balbinos has 444 men per 100 women, and 65% of its residents live in collective dwellings. Of the 29 towns with over 10% of their people in such dwellings, prisons among them, 27 exceed 110 men per 100 women. Second plate of the collection “People across the land”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTCensus / Incomegente-spsao-pauloidadeenvelhecimentorazao-de-sexopiramide-etariacenso-2022municipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/063-densidade-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/063-densidade-sp/São Paulo has 44.4 million people on 248,000 km², 179 per km² on average. But the average misleads. Half the population lives in census tracts that together cover 1,238 km², 0.5% of the state; 90% live on 2.1%. At the other end, 81% of the area has fewer than 10 residents per km² and holds 1.3% of the people. The map is almost all cream, with dark dots for the towns and one continuous patch in Greater São Paulo, reaching towards Campinas, Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley. The densest municipality is Taboão da Serra, with 13,428 residents per km², followed by Diadema and Carapicuíba; the capital has 7,521. The least dense is Iporanga, in the Ribeira Valley, with 3.5. First plate of the collection “People across the land”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTCensus / Incomegente-spsao-paulodensidade-demograficapopulacaocenso-2022setores-censitarioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/062-renda-e-solar-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/062-renda-e-solar-sp/São Paulo has 664,000 residential solar systems registered with ANEEL, with 4.4 GW: 4.1 for every 100 occupied homes. One would expect them in the richest towns. They are not there. Across the 645 municipalities, the rank correlation between household heads’ mean income and systems per home is −0.01, that is, none. In the highest income third there are 3.8 systems per 100 homes; in the lowest, 4.2. The map lights up in ochre and brown in the west and north-west, where Dracena reaches 26 per 100, and so does Santo Expedito, with a mean income of 1.8 minimum wages. The capital, with a mean income of 4 minimum wages and more systems than any other city (22,000), has only 0.5 per 100 homes, like Santos: where people live in flats, there is no roof. Plate 044 shows distributed solar generation across Brazil. Last plate of the collection “Income and rooftop solar”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassrenda-solar-spsao-paulogeracao-distribuidaenergia-solarrendacenso-2022aneelbivariadohttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/061-renda-na-metropole-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/061-renda-na-metropole-sp/Greater São Paulo and the Santos lowlands add up to 44 municipalities and 22.3 million people. IBGE divides them into 841 inhabited weighting areas, and in each one the mean income of household heads can be worked out. The richest is Itaim Bibi, in the capital: R$ 17,804 a month, 14.7 minimum wages of 2022. Twenty kilometres away, in the same city, the Jardim Ângela area has R$ 1,655, 1.4 minimum wages: a gap of 10.8 times, the largest among São Paulo municipalities with five areas or more. Barueri comes next, from Alphaville to Engenho Novo (7.6 times), and Santos, from Ponta da Praia to Rádio Clube (6.1). The map shows the capital’s rich centre, stretching south-west to Alphaville, ringed by a pale belt that runs from Francisco Morato to Itaquaquecetuba and down the escarpment to the coast. Second plate of the collection “Income and rooftop solar”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTCensus / Incomerenda-solar-spsao-paulorendacenso-2022areas-de-ponderacaogrande-sao-paulobaixada-santistadesigualdadehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/060-renda-mediana-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/060-renda-mediana-sp/In each census tract of São Paulo, what does the person responsible for the household earn? The 2022 Census gives the median income of household heads with income, and the minimum wage of the time, R$ 1,212, works as a yardstick: in 4,904 tracts the median is exactly one minimum wage. A third of the state’s 16.2 million household heads live in tracts with a median of up to 1.5 minimum wages. The map pales in the Ribeira Valley and the west; in the Presidente Prudente region, 48% of household heads live in such tracts; in the Campinas region, 21%. In Iguape it is 79%; in Francisco Morato, in Greater São Paulo, 78%. At the other end, 1.08 million household heads live in tracts of over 5 minimum wages; the largest shares are in São Caetano do Sul (23%), Santana de Parnaíba and Vinhedo. Plate 034 zooms in on the Campinas region. First plate of the collection “Income and rooftop solar”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTCensus / Incomerenda-solar-spsao-paulorendacenso-2022setores-censitariossalario-minimodesigualdadehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/059-biogas-em-operacao-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/059-biogas-em-operacao-sp/Of a potential of 16.9 million m³ of biomethane a day, how much has already become a plant? In April 2026, nine biomethane plants in São Paulo reported output to ANP. Together they hold 558,000 m³ a day of authorised capacity, 3.3% of the potential, and that month processed only 15% of the biogas they could treat: three of them stood near zero. The largest, Raízen and Geo’s plant in Piracicaba, has 130,000 m³ a day authorised, from vinasse and filter cake; the Caieiras landfill plant runs the most, at 45% use. In electricity, ANEEL lists 32 biogas distributed generation units in the state, with 21.9 MW, in 24 municipalities: most of it at landfills in the capital and São José dos Campos and at a mill in Narandiba; the rest, smaller, mostly from farm manure. The larger biogas power stations are on plate 028. Last plate of the collection “Biogas on the ground”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbiogas-territorio-spsao-paulobiometanobiogasanpaneelgeracao-distribuidacp2bhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/058-biometano-e-rede-eletrica-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/058-biometano-e-rede-eletrica-sp/Where there is no pipeline, biogas can become electricity on the spot and leave by wire. In São Paulo, the basic grid, from 230 kV up, adds up to 19,100 km of lines and 91 substations, and covers the state far better than gas pipelines: 58% of the biomethane potential lies within 10 km of a transmission line, and only 1% over 50 km. The bottleneck is the substation, where power enters the grid: 65% of the potential lies over 25 km from one, measured from the municipality’s centre. Valparaíso, in the west, has 197,000 m³ of possible biomethane a day 2.6 km from a line, but 52 km from the nearest substation. On the previous plate, gas from the sugarcane north lay far from the pipe; here, the wire runs right over it. Fourth plate of the collection “Biogas on the ground”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbiogas-territorio-spsao-paulobiogasbiometanotransmissaosubestacoesinfraestruturacp2bepehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/057-biometano-e-gasodutos-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/057-biometano-e-gasodutos-sp/Biomethane is renewable natural gas: to reach its users it needs a pipeline, or a lorry. In São Paulo, transmission pipelines add up to 1,892 km, along an axis that comes from Mato Grosso do Sul on the Gasbol, passes Campinas and runs down to the capital and the Paraíba Valley; the distribution networks of Comgás, Gás Brasiliano and Naturgy cluster around it. The potential does not. Measured from the centre of each municipality to the nearest pipeline, 55% of the state’s possible biomethane lies over 50 km from a pipe; only 18% lies within 10 km, in 156 municipalities home to 32 million people. Guaíra, the state’s largest potential at 333,000 m³ a day, is 150 km from the nearest pipeline; Morro Agudo, the second, 103 km. The sugarcane north is a gas field without a pipe. Third plate of the collection “Biogas on the ground”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbiogas-territorio-spsao-paulobiometanogasodutosgas-naturalinfraestruturacp2bepehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/056-alem-da-cana-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/056-alem-da-cana-sp/Sugarcane is the largest biomethane source in 370 of São Paulo’s municipalities and accounts for 82% of the state’s potential. The other 18%, 3.09 million m³ a day, draw a different map. With cane removed, maize and soy straw leads in 192 municipalities, scattered across the west and unbroken in the south and south-west, from Itapeva to Itapetininga; organic waste and tree pruning lead in 174, from Greater São Paulo to the Paraíba Valley and the interior’s mid-sized towns; poultry farms lead in 170, mostly in the centre and north of the state, from Bastos to Mococa. Dairy and feedlot cattle lead in 48 municipalities, coffee in 16, oranges in 13. The capital has the largest non-cane potential, 144,000 m³ a day, from waste and sewage; in the interior, the largest is Bastos, with 73,000, from its poultry farms. Second plate of the collection “Biogas on the ground”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbiogas-territorio-spsao-paulobiometanobiogascp2bmilhosojaavesresiduos-urbanosmunicipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/055-densidade-do-biometano-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/055-densidade-do-biometano-sp/São Paulo’s residues could yield 16.9 million m³ of biomethane a day at the accessible level of the CP2B method. Divided by the population, that is 0.38 m³ per person per day. But the gas does not live where people live. Per km², the potential is densest in the sugarcane north: Ariranha reaches 1,326 m³ a day for each km². Per inhabitant, the leaders are small municipalities full of cane, such as Borá, with 41 m³ per person per day, while the capital, with the largest urban potential, stands at 0.013. The potential is also concentrated: 25 municipalities hold a quarter of the total, 68 hold half and 148 three quarters. Plate 050 shows how much each municipality has; this one shows how much that weighs on the ground and per person. First plate of the collection “Biogas on the ground”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbiogas-territorio-spsao-paulobiometanobiogascp2bdensidadecenso-2022municipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/054-saneamento-e-biometano-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/054-saneamento-e-biometano-sp/Sludge from sewage plants becomes biomethane, but only where sewage is collected and treated at a plant suited to digestion. Under the CP2B method, that gives São Paulo 121,000 m³ of biomethane a day, in only 128 of its 645 municipalities, and the capital accounts for 51%. Beside it, the 2022 Census: 349 municipalities still have fewer than 90% of households on the mains, the target of the sanitation legal framework for 2033. The crossing separates four groups. 77 municipalities, with 28.2 million people, already pass the target and have sludge; 297, with 4.36 million, are below the target and have no sludge at all, and add up to 437,000 households off the mains. Bringing the mains to those places is the condition for their sewage to count towards the gas. Last plate of the collection “Sanitation and biomethane”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomasssaneamento-spsao-paulocenso-2022esgotobiometanobiogaslodocp2bmunicipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/053-lixo-fora-da-coleta-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/053-lixo-fora-da-coleta-sp/Nearly all of São Paulo’s rubbish is collected: in 2022, only 0.99% of households, 160,000, disposed of it otherwise. But that 1% is not spread out. It is in the countryside, where the truck does not reach, and the most common destination is fire: 110,000 households burnt their rubbish on the property. Painted tract by tract, the map shows the state inside out: the towns are pale, with collection for everyone, and the rural interior darkens. In 1,734 tracts, more than half the households had no collection. Marabá Paulista, in the Pontal do Paranapanema, has the largest share of its households outside collection (46%); the capital has the largest number (12,094). Rubbish that is not collected does not reach a landfill or a digester either. Third plate of the collection “Sanitation and biomethane”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTCensus / Incomesaneamento-spsao-paulocenso-2022lixoresiduos-solidoscoletasetores-censitarioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/052-destino-do-esgoto-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/052-destino-do-esgoto-sp/Off the mains, São Paulo’s sewage goes three ways. In 2022, 569,000 households used a septic tank, 455,000 a rudimentary pit or hole, and 385,000 discharged into a ditch, river, lake, stream, the sea or elsewhere. The map colours each census tract by where most of its households send their sewage. The mains lead in only 11% of the area, but 93% of households live there; rudimentary pits lead in 56% of the area and septic tanks in 33%, in a mosaic that covers the interior. Sewage discharged into rivers, lakes, streams or the sea is urban: of the 307,000 households doing so, 124,000 are in the capital and three quarters of the rest in the São Paulo intermediate region. Second plate of the collection “Sanitation and biomethane”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTCensus / Incomesaneamento-spsao-paulocenso-2022esgotofossasaneamentosetores-censitarioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/051-esgoto-na-rede-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/051-esgoto-na-rede-sp/In 2022, 91.3% of households in São Paulo state had their sewage connected to the mains, to the storm drain or to a septic tank linked to the mains: 14.8 million out of 16.2 million. 1.41 million were missing. Painted tract by tract, the map shows the mains as an urban thing: three households in four live in tracts where over 99% are connected, but those tracts are small, and the cream of the rural tracts, where almost no one is on the mains, covers most of the state. The city of São Paulo has 205,630 households off the mains, the largest absolute number; among towns with more than 20,000 households, Ibiúna has the largest share off the mains (71%). First plate of the collection “Sanitation and biomethane”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTCensus / Incomesaneamento-spsao-paulocenso-2022esgotosaneamentosetores-censitarioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/049-lixo-e-esgoto-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/049-lixo-e-esgoto-sp/The organic waste, sewage sludge and prunings of São Paulo’s towns and cities could give 621,000 m³ of biomethane a day under the CP2B method: 434,000 from waste, 121,000 from sludge and 66,000 from prunings. That is little next to the countryside, under 4% of the state total, but it lies where almost everyone lives. The city of São Paulo accounts for 23% and its region for 39%. Half the methane the waste could generate is already captured at landfills, and the method deducts that share. The map also shows the 873 sewage treatment plants registered by ANA, serving 608 municipalities. Most treat sewage in ponds (552); 87 use anaerobic reactors, which produce biogas during treatment. Fifth plate of the collection “From field to biomethane”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassagro-spsao-pauloresiduos-solidosesgotobiogasbiometanocp2banahttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/048-milho-e-soja-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/048-milho-e-soja-sp/In 2008, São Paulo harvested 525,940 hectares of soybean and 965,907 of maize. In 2024, 1.36 million hectares of soybean, 2.6 times more, and 723,128 of maize, 25% less; soybean overtook maize in 2017. It spread from 304 to 483 municipalities and grew above all in the south of the state. In the Sorocaba region the area went from 82,000 to 468,000 hectares, and Itapeva is the largest grower of both grains. In Ibirarema and Salto Grande, harvested soybean covers almost two thirds of the municipality. The straw of both grains could give 1.03 million m³ of biomethane a day under the CP2B method, 41% of it in the Sorocaba region. That is what remains after leaving on the field the share that protects the soil. Fourth plate of the collection “From field to biomethane”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTLand Useagro-spsao-paulosojamilhograosagriculturabiometanocp2bibgepamhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/047-laranja-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/047-laranja-sp/São Paulo harvested 12.0 million tonnes of oranges in 2024, from 354,562 hectares. In 2008 it was 14.5 million tonnes from 592,566 hectares: the area fell by 40%, and each hectare now gives 34 tonnes instead of 25. The belt has also moved south-west. The Araraquara region harvested 3.4 million tonnes and now harvests 1.2; the Sorocaba region rose from 1.0 to 2.4 million and is the state’s largest. Casa Branca leads, with 550,000 tonnes, followed by Botucatu and Avaré, and 82 municipalities have given up oranges. The bagasse, however, stays where the fruit becomes juice. The CP2B method places it in 14 municipalities with mills, and Matão, which harvests 108,000 tonnes, receives the largest potential: 22,752 m³ of biomethane a day, out of 101,834. Third plate of the collection “From field to biomethane”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTLand Useagro-spsao-paulolaranjacitrosagriculturabiometanocp2bibgepamhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/046-cana-2008-2024-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/046-cana-2008-2024-sp/In 2008, São Paulo’s cane fields were harvested over 4.53 million hectares; in 2024, over 5.40 million, 19% more, and cane went from 18.3% to 21.7% of the state’s territory. Harvested area peaked in 2017, at 5.69 million hectares, and has been slowly receding since. The plate sets the two years side by side, with the same classes, and maps the difference: 150 municipalities gained more than 10 percentage points of territory under cane, 104 of them in the São José do Rio Preto, Araçatuba and Presidente Prudente regions, in the west; Rancharia harvested 47,812 hectares more. The Campinas region was the only one to lose much: 63,632 hectares fewer, with the steepest falls in Nova Odessa and Sumaré. Second plate of the collection “From field to biomethane”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTLand Useagro-spsao-paulocana-de-acucaragriculturaserie-historicaibgepamhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/045-tabuleiro-agricola-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/045-tabuleiro-agricola-sp/In 2024, 72% of São Paulo’s territory was cropland, pasture, tree plantation or a mosaic of these uses, according to MapBiomas. Sugarcane is the largest class: 58,000 km², almost a quarter of the state, and the leading use in 255 of the 645 municipalities. In the Ribeirão Preto region it covers half the land, and in Dumont, 80%. Soybean and other annual crops add up to 7%, mostly in the south, in the Marília region and around Itapeva. Pasture, at 15%, dominates the west: it covers 36% of the Presidente Prudente region. Oranges, coffee and other perennial crops take up less than 2%. Native vegetation, 22% of the state, lies mostly in the Serra do Mar and the Ribeira valley. First plate of the collection “From field to biomethane”, which follows the crops to the gas their residues could give.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTLand Useagro-spsao-paulouso-da-terraagriculturacanasojapastagemmapbiomashttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/044-geracao-solar-distribuida-brasil/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/044-geracao-solar-distribuida-brasil/There are 4.67 million photovoltaic systems in 5,567 municipalities: panels on the roofs of homes, shops and smallholdings, and small plants of up to 5 MW that cut their owners’ electricity bills. They add up to 53.8 GW, 265 W per inhabitant, 52% of it in homes. Rooftop sun is strongest in the Centre-West and western Paraná: Mato Grosso has 872 W per inhabitant, and Foz do Iguaçu, with 1,408 W, leads among towns of more than 100,000 people. São Paulo has the largest capacity, 7.6 GW, but only 170 W per inhabitant; Taboão da Serra stands at 11 W. At the other extreme, the 20.6 MW of Santa Clara d’Oeste give 7,939 W to each of its 2,598 residents. Last plate of the collection “Electricity in Brazil”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassenergia-eletricabrasilsolarfotovoltaicageracao-distribuidamicro-e-minigeracaoaneelcenso-2022municipioshttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/043-usinas-por-fonte-brasil/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/043-usinas-por-fonte-brasil/Belo Monte, on the Xingu, has 11,233 MW of licensed capacity: it is the largest of the 16,118 power plants registered with ANEEL, operating or under construction. Water still dominates: large and small hydro add up to 58.8% of the 184 GW in operation. In the smaller circles, the map tells other stories. The wind lines up 89% of the 993 wind farms in the North-East; sugarcane bagasse fires 427 of the 627 biomass power stations, 237 of them in São Paulo; and Angra 3 is still being built beside the other two. Of the 11,391 solar plants, 10,941 are under 5 kW: individual systems registered one by one by the distribution companies, nearly all in Pará and in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul. Second plate of the collection “Electricity in Brazil”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassenergia-eletricabrasilusinashidreletricaseolicassolartermeletricasaneelsigamatriz-eletricahttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/042-transmissao-brasil/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/042-transmissao-brasil/From the Xingu to Rio de Janeiro, an 800 kV direct-current line runs 2,552 km to carry Belo Monte’s power to the South-East: it is the longest of the 1,712 existing transmission lines mapped by EPE. Adding up circuits, they come to 170.2 thousand km of lines and 780 substations. Lines of 500 to 765 kV make up most of the length, 68.0 thousand km; the eleven direct-current lines, 19.5 thousand km, bring the power of Itaipu, the Madeira plants and Belo Monte to the South-East. On the map, the grid thickens in the South-East, the South and along the north-eastern coast, and reaches the Amazon through a handful of wires. First plate of the collection “Electricity in Brazil”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassenergia-eletricabrasiltransmissaolinhas-de-transmissaosubestacoescorrente-continuaepemapbiomashttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/041-cuestas-paulistas/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/041-cuestas-paulistas/In the middle of the state, the western São Paulo plateau ends in a step: the cuestas, scarps where the layers of basalt and sandstone break off all at once, facing the Peripheral Depression. Profile A–B leaves the depression near São Pedro, at 500 m, rises to a first plateau at 956 m, dips into a valley at 537 m and climbs the Itirapina cuesta: 543 m of climb in 5 km, up to 1,081 m. On the far side, the ground falls to the Corumbataí valley, at around 640 m. The highest point in the frame, 1,084 m, is right there, in Itirapina; between it and the lowest point lie 671 m. In the south-west, the Botucatu cuesta draws the same step. In the 15,399 km² frame, only 12.3% of the ground lies above 800 m. Third plate of the collection “The relief of São Paulo”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTElevation / Reliefrelevosao-paulocuestasbotucatuitirapinasao-pedrodepressao-perifericaaltitudehipsometriacopernicus-demhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/040-serra-do-mar/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/040-serra-do-mar/Profile A–B leaves the beach at Santos and runs 15 km across the lowland, between the mangroves and the port; apart from a 109 m hill right at the start, it stays a few metres above sea level. Then the Serra do Mar rises over Cubatão: 769 m of climb in 5 km, and at the top begins the plateau, which rolls on at around 760 m to São Bernardo do Campo and São Paulo. The whole slope, from 20 to 700 m, takes up only 596 km² in the frame’s elevation bands, 14% of the land; 72.5% of the ground lies above 700 m. The Anchieta and Imigrantes motorways and the railway climb this wall, and the Billings reservoir’s water is pumped down it to Cubatão. The highest point in the frame, 1,185 m, is in Mogi das Cruzes. Second plate of the collection “The relief of São Paulo”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTElevation / Reliefrelevosao-pauloserra-do-marbaixada-santistacubataoplanalto-paulistanoaltitudehipsometriacopernicus-demhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/039-serra-da-mantiqueira/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/039-serra-da-mantiqueira/Profile A–B runs 61 km from the south side of the Paraíba valley to the crest of the Mantiqueira. For almost 40 km the ground barely changes, and the Paraíba do Sul river passes at the lowest point, 501 m. Then the range rises all at once: on the steepest stretch the ground climbs 1,332 m in 5 km, up to 2,581 m on the crest. At the top stands Pedra da Mina, in Queluz, on the Minas Gerais border, the highest point in São Paulo: 2,785 m in the 90 m model. Across the valley, the Serra do Mar closes the corridor through which the river, the Via Dutra motorway and the towns run. In the 10,866 km² frame, mean elevation is 1,007 m and 12.9% of the ground lies above 1,500 m. First plate of the collection “The relief of São Paulo”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTElevation / Reliefrelevosao-paulomantiqueiravale-do-paraibapedra-da-minaaltitudehipsometriacopernicus-demhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/038-unidades-de-conservacao-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/038-unidades-de-conservacao-sp/In the Litoral Norte, 73% of the basin lies in strictly protected areas, most of it in the Serra do Mar State Park. In the west of the state, three basins — Baixo Tietê, São José dos Dourados and Baixo Pardo/Grande — have none at all. Taken together, the 270 protected areas in the CNUC for São Paulo cover 15.1% of the territory, but only 4.0% under strict protection; nearly all the rest are Environmental Protection Areas, which allow settlement under rules. Over the 22 basins, the map shows where protected forest still keeps the springs: in the Serra do Mar and the Ribeira valley. Final plate of the collection “Water in São Paulo”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTBiomes / Environmentagua-spsao-paulounidades-de-conservacaocnucprotecao-integralapabacias-hidrograficasugrhihttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/037-drenagem-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/037-drenagem-sp/The Tietê rises 12.5 km from the sea and runs 982 km the other way, inland, to the Paraná. It is not alone: 85.7% of the area drained by São Paulo’s rivers flows inland and on down the Paraná to the River Plate, between Argentina and Uruguay. The Serra do Mar and the Mantiqueira divide the waters. Only the coastal strip, the Ribeira de Iguape and the Paraíba do Sul valley send their rain straight to the Atlantic, through 123 river mouths on the São Paulo coast. The map draws 61,009 km of rivers, each reach as wide as its mean discharge: from headwater streams to the Paraná on the state border, with 8,490 m³/s. Second plate of the collection “Water in São Paulo”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTHydrography / Basinsagua-spsao-pauloriosrede-de-drenagemtietebacia-do-pratahydroshedshydroriversstrahlerhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/036-bacias-hidrograficas-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/036-bacias-hidrograficas-sp/To look after its water, São Paulo does not use the map of municipalities but the map of basins: 22 Water Resources Management Units, the UGRHIs. Coloured by the 2022 Census population, they show a state that is unequal under the same rain. The municipalities of Alto Tietê, around the capital, hold 20.5 million people, 46.1% of the state’s population, on 2.4% of its land: 3,456 people per km². In Pontal do Paranapanema there are 20.8. Along the Tietê and the Paraná runs the waterway too, with its eight locks drawn on the map. First plate of the collection “Water in São Paulo”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTHydrography / Basinsagua-spsao-paulobacias-hidrograficasugrhirecursos-hidricoscenso-2022hidroviaseadehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/035-apps-campinas/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/035-apps-campinas/Brazil’s Forest Code requires a strip of protected vegetation along every river, around every spring and on the shores of reservoirs: the permanent preservation areas, or APPs. In Campinas they add up to 108 km², 13.6% of the municipality, drawn over 1,682 km of streams and 1,671 springs. Only 26.4% of that strip is forest. The rest is pasture, cropland and bare soil (57.9%) or city (14.3%). Of the springs, 325 lie in forest and 1,261 in human-altered land; 49 have ended up under the streets and roofs of the urban area. On the map, green thickens in the east, in the hills of Sousas and Joaquim Egídio, and vanishes in the centre, where the streams run between houses. Fourth plate of the collection “Campinas Metropolitan Region”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTHydrography / Basinsrmccampinasapparea-de-preservacao-permanentecodigo-florestalnascentesmata-ciliarfbdshidrografiahttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/034-renda-rmc/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/034-renda-rmc/In 2022, the Brazilian minimum wage was R$ 1,212 a month. In the Campinas Metropolitan Region, 47% of household heads lived in census tracts where the heads’ median income did not exceed two minimum wages; 8.2% lived in tracts above five. The map colours each tract by median income and draws a border that is not the municipal one: in Vinhedo, Valinhos and Indaiatuba, one head in three lives in tracts above three minimum wages; in Hortolândia and Sumaré, one in ten; in Monte Mor, under 3%. The highest median, R$ 28,000 (23 minimum wages), belongs to a tract in Indaiatuba. Third plate of the collection “Campinas Metropolitan Region”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTCensus / Incomermccampinascenso-2022rendadesigualdadesetores-censitariossalario-minimohttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/033-domicilios-rmc/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/033-domicilios-rmc/The 2022 Census counted 1,157,476 occupied households in the 20 municipalities of the Campinas Metropolitan Region, home to 3,179,156 people. Half of those homes fit into 129 km², 3.4% of the region’s area. The map colours each of the 6,548 census tracts by households per km² and shows the city in layers: central Campinas and the neighbourhoods of Sumaré, Hortolândia and Americana above 5,000, the fringe of housing estates between 1,000 and 5,000 and, all around, the countryside, below 100. Hortolândia is the densest municipality, with 1,295 households per km²; Morungaba the least dense, with 33. Second plate of the collection “Campinas Metropolitan Region”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTCensus / Incomermccampinascenso-2022domiciliosdensidadesetores-censitariosurbanizacaohttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/032-uso-da-terra-rmc/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/032-uso-da-terra-rmc/The grey patch of the city already covers 21.1% of the 3,791 km² of the Campinas Metropolitan Region, and 72.6% of Hortolândia. To the west, sugarcane takes half of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste (49.3%) and 39.7% of Cosmópolis. To the east, in the hills of Morungaba, Itatiba and Pedreira, the forest holds out in islands: 7,743 forest fragments, only 31 of them larger than 1 km². The largest, in Itatiba, covers 8.6 km². The most common class is none of these but the mosaic of uses (29.3%): pastures, small fields and country plots that the satellite cannot tell apart at 30 m. First plate of the collection “Campinas Metropolitan Region”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTLand Usermccampinasuso-do-solocobertura-da-terramapbiomasurbanizacaocana-de-acucarmata-atlanticafragmentos-florestaishttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/031-usinas-e-cana-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/031-usinas-e-cana-sp/After crushing, sugarcane bagasse goes into the boiler, and the steam makes the mill’s own electricity plus a surplus for the grid. In São Paulo, 211 bagasse power stations are registered with ANEEL, 206 of them in operation, with 6.18 GW of licensed capacity; the largest, Barra Bioenergia in Barra Bonita, has 136 MW. Over the map of cane harvested in 2024, the circles show that the energy is born where the crop is: the 140 municipalities with at least one such station accounted for 48.8% of the cane harvested in the state. There, between cane field and substation, waste becomes grid. Final plate of the collection “Bioenergy in São Paulo”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbioenergia-spsao-paulocana-de-acucarbagacocogeracaotermeletricasaneelibgepamhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/030-cana-de-acucar-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/030-cana-de-acucar-sp/In 2024, São Paulo’s cane fields were harvested over 5.40 million hectares, 21.7% of the state, and yielded 418.6 million tonnes of cane. In 88 municipalities the harvested area exceeds half the territory; in Areiópolis it reaches 82%, and in Jaboticabal 81%. The map shows the dark patch that covers the north and centre of the state and has Morro Agudo as its largest producer (7.0 million tonnes), and it shows where the patch ends: in the Paraíba valley, the Ribeira valley and Greater São Paulo, cane all but disappears. Every tonne harvested leaves bagasse and straw, and every litre of ethanol leaves vinasse; this is the map São Paulo’s bioenergy rests on. Third plate of the collection “Bioenergy in São Paulo”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTLand Usebioenergia-spsao-paulocana-de-acucaragriculturaetanolbagacoibgepamhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/029-rebanhos-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/029-rebanhos-sp/In 2024, São Paulo state held 10.8 million cattle, 1.5 million pigs and 205 million poultry. Side by side, the three herds occupy the state in different ways: cattle spread across the west, led by Presidente Bernardes (151,407 head) and Mirante do Paranapanema (138,268); pigs gather in a few hubs, such as Itu and Cerqueira César, each with over 100,000 head; and poultry cluster in farms, with Bastos alone holding 13.7 million birds. For anyone thinking about biogas, density matters more than the total: many animals on little land also concentrate the manure. Second plate of the collection “Bioenergy in São Paulo”.Tue, 20 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbioenergia-spsao-paulopecuariabovinossuinosgalinaceosbiogasibgeppmhttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/028-usinas-de-biogas-sp/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/028-usinas-de-biogas-sp/On top of a landfill in Caieiras, in Greater São Paulo, the gas rising from the rubbish drives the state’s largest biogas power station: 29.5 MW of licensed capacity. It is one of 13 biogas power stations registered with ANEEL in São Paulo, which together add up to 108.2 MW. MapBiomas maps other ways of using the same gas: 51 plants across the state, 44 of them in operation, burning manure from farms, industrial effluent and what comes out of landfills and sewage works to make electricity, heat or biomethane. On the map they gather around the capital and along the agro-industrial hubs of the interior. First plate of the collection “Bioenergy in São Paulo”, which follows waste all the way to energy.Mon, 19 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTEnergy / Biomassbioenergia-spsao-paulobiogasaterro-sanitarioresiduosenergiaaneelmapbiomashttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/027-estado-rondonia/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/027-estado-rondonia/Rondônia has 52 municipalities across 238,000 km², 2.8 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 6 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 2 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Ji-Paraná is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (34); Porto Velho, the one with the fewest (18). The largest municipality is Porto Velho (34,091 km²); the smallest, Teixeirópolis (460 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadorondoniamunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/026-estado-acre/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/026-estado-acre/Acre has 22 municipalities across 164,000 km², 1.9 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 5 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 2 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Rio Branco is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (14); Cruzeiro do Sul, the one with the fewest (8). The largest municipality is Feijó (27,947 km²); the smallest, Epitaciolândia (1,653 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadoacremunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/025-estado-roraima/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/025-estado-roraima/Roraima has 15 municipalities across 224,000 km², 2.6 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 4 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 2 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Boa Vista is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (9); Rorainópolis - Caracaraí, the one with the fewest (6). The largest municipality is Caracaraí (47,385 km²); the smallest, São Luiz do Anauá (1,527 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadororaimamunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/024-estado-amazonas/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/024-estado-amazonas/Amazonas has 62 municipalities across 1,559,000 km², 18.3 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 11 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 4 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Manaus is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (21); Lábrea, the one with the fewest (9). The largest municipality is Barcelos (122,454 km²); the smallest, Iranduba (2,332 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadoamazonasmunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/023-estado-amapa/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/023-estado-amapa/Amapá has 16 municipalities across 142,000 km², 1.7 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 4 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 2 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Oiapoque - Porto Grande is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (10); Macapá, the one with the fewest (6). The largest municipality is Laranjal do Jari (30,542 km²); the smallest, Santana (1,541 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadoamapamunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/022-estado-para/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/022-estado-para/Pará has 144 municipalities across 1,246,000 km², 14.6 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 21 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 7 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Castanhal is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (39); Altamira, the one with the fewest (9). The largest municipality is Altamira (159,533 km²); the smallest, Marituba (103 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadoparamunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/021-estado-tocantins/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/021-estado-tocantins/Tocantins has 139 municipalities across 277,000 km², 3.3 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 11 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 3 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Araguaína is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (65); Gurupi, the one with the fewest (32). The largest municipality is Formoso do Araguaia (13,432 km²); the smallest, Axixá do Tocantins (154 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadotocantinsmunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/020-estado-maranhao/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/020-estado-maranhao/Maranhão has 217 municipalities across 330,000 km², 3.9 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 22 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 5 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. São Luís is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (73); Caxias, the one with the fewest (14). The largest municipality is Balsas (12,602 km²); the smallest, Raposa (79 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadomaranhaomunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/019-estado-piaui/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/019-estado-piaui/Piauí has 224 municipalities across 252,000 km², 3.0 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 19 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 6 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Teresina is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (65); São Raimundo Nonato, the one with the fewest (21). The largest municipality is Uruçuí (8,413 km²); the smallest, Santo Antônio dos Milagres (34 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadopiauimunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/018-estado-ceara/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/018-estado-ceara/Ceará has 184 municipalities across 149,000 km², 1.7 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 18 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 6 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Fortaleza is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (51); Crateús, the one with the fewest (13). The largest municipality is Santa Quitéria (4,262 km²); the smallest, Altaneira (73 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadocearamunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/017-estado-rio-grande-do-norte/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/017-estado-rio-grande-do-norte/Rio Grande do Norte has 167 municipalities across 53,000 km², 0.6 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 11 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 3 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Natal is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (75); Caicó, the one with the fewest (24). The largest municipality is Mossoró (2,099 km²); the smallest, Senador Georgino Avelino (26 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadorio-grande-do-nortemunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/016-estado-paraiba/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/016-estado-paraiba/Paraíba has 223 municipalities across 56,000 km², 0.7 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 15 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 4 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Campina Grande is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (72); Sousa - Cajazeiras, the one with the fewest (25). The largest municipality is Monteiro (993 km²); the smallest, Borborema (26 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadoparaibamunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/015-estado-pernambuco/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/015-estado-pernambuco/Pernambuco has 185 municipalities across 98,000 km², 1.2 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 18 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 4 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Recife is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (71); Serra Talhada, the one with the fewest (25). The largest municipality is Petrolina (4,559 km²); the smallest, Fernando de Noronha (19 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadopernambucomunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/014-estado-alagoas/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/014-estado-alagoas/Alagoas has 102 municipalities across 28,000 km², 0.3 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 11 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 2 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Maceió is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (52); Arapiraca, the one with the fewest (50). The largest municipality is Mata Grande (910 km²); the smallest, Santa Luzia do Norte (29 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadoalagoasmunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/013-estado-sergipe/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/013-estado-sergipe/Sergipe has 75 municipalities across 22,000 km², 0.3 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 6 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 2 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Aracaju is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (46); Itabaiana, the one with the fewest (29). The largest municipality is Canindé de São Francisco (1,080 km²); the smallest, General Maynard (20 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadosergipemunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/012-estado-bahia/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/012-estado-bahia/Bahia has 417 municipalities across 565,000 km², 6.6 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 34 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 10 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Feira de Santana is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (83); Juazeiro, the one with the fewest (18). The largest municipality is Formosa do Rio Preto (15,634 km²); the smallest, Madre de Deus (33 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadobahiamunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/011-distrito-federal/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/011-distrito-federal/The Federal District is not divided into municipalities: in the IBGE mesh it is a single one, Brasília, with 5,761 km². On its own it is also one immediate region and one intermediate region. The smallest federative unit sits on the Central Plateau, between Goiás and Minas Gerais, and the radial federal highways, numbered BR-010 to BR-080, start from it. Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadodistrito-federalmunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/010-estado-goias/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/010-estado-goias/Goiás has 246 municipalities across 340,000 km², 4.0 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 22 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 6 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Goiânia is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (80); Itumbiara, the one with the fewest (22). The largest municipality is Niquelândia (9,846 km²); the smallest, Anhanguera (56 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadogoiasmunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/009-estado-mato-grosso/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/009-estado-mato-grosso/Mato Grosso has 142 municipalities across 903,000 km², 10.6 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 18 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 5 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Sinop is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (43); Rondonópolis, the one with the fewest (18). The largest municipality is Colniza (27,960 km²); the smallest, São Pedro da Cipa (344 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadomato-grossomunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/008-estado-mato-grosso-do-sul/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/008-estado-mato-grosso-do-sul/Mato Grosso do Sul has 79 municipalities across 357,000 km², 4.2 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 12 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 3 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Dourados is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (34); Corumbá, the one with the fewest (13). The largest municipality is Corumbá (64,431 km²); the smallest, Douradina (280 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadomato-grosso-do-sulmunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/007-estado-rio-grande-do-sul/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/007-estado-rio-grande-do-sul/Rio Grande do Sul has 497 municipalities across 282,000 km², 3.3 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 43 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 8 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Passo Fundo is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (144); Uruguaiana, the one with the fewest (10). The largest municipality is Alegrete (7,801 km²); the smallest, Esteio (28 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadorio-grande-do-sulmunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/006-estado-santa-catarina/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/006-estado-santa-catarina/Santa Catarina has 295 municipalities across 96,000 km², 1.1 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 24 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 7 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Chapecó is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (109); Caçador, the one with the fewest (16). The largest municipality is Lages (2,638 km²); the smallest, Bombinhas (35 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadosanta-catarinamunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/005-estado-parana/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/005-estado-parana/Paraná has 399 municipalities across 199,000 km², 2.3 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 29 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 6 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Maringá is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (115); Guarapuava, the one with the fewest (19). The largest municipality is Guarapuava (3,164 km²); the smallest, Pinhais (61 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadoparanamunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/004-estado-espirito-santo/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/004-estado-espirito-santo/Espírito Santo has 78 municipalities across 46,000 km², 0.5 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 8 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 4 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Cachoeiro do Itapemirim is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (24); São Mateus, the one with the fewest (15). The largest municipality is Linhares (3,496 km²); the smallest, Piúma (74 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadoespirito-santomunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/003-estado-minas-gerais/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/003-estado-minas-gerais/Minas Gerais has 853 municipalities across 587,000 km², 6.9 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 70 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 13 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Juiz de Fora is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (146); Uberlândia, the one with the fewest (24). The largest municipality is João Pinheiro (10,727 km²); the smallest, Santa Cruz de Minas (3.6 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadominas-geraismunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/002-estado-rio-de-janeiro/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/002-estado-rio-de-janeiro/Rio de Janeiro has 92 municipalities across 44,000 km², 0.5 per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 14 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 5 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. Rio de Janeiro is the intermediate region with the most municipalities (26); Macaé - Rio das Ostras - Cabo Frio, the one with the fewest (12). The largest municipality is Campos dos Goytacazes (4,033 km²); the smallest, Nilópolis (19 km²). Part of the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the road network, to start a map without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadorio-de-janeiromunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/001-estado-sao-paulo/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/001-estado-sao-paulo/São Paulo has 645 municipalities across 248,000 km², almost three per cent of Brazil. IBGE groups them into 53 immediate regions, drawn around the towns that supply jobs, trade and services to their surroundings, and into 11 intermediate regions that tie those networks together. São José do Rio Preto, in the north-west, gathers a hundred small municipalities; São Paulo, fifty, nearly all pressed against the capital. This plate opens the series “Brazil, state by state”: a clean base, with official boundaries and the paved road network, for anyone who needs to start a map of the state without losing the first afternoon gathering files.Sat, 17 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTTerritorial Divisionsbrasil-estado-por-estadosao-paulomunicipiosregioes-geograficasrodoviasibgehttps://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/notes/2026-10-17-essencial-geo-no-ar/https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/notes/2026-10-17-essencial-geo-no-ar/An atlas of thematic maps of Brazil, with open data, a DOI for each plate and publication in Portuguese and English. The first series, “Brazil, state by state”, starts today with São Paulo.Sat, 17 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTNoteslaunchatlasopen-data