Income and rooftop solar

No. 060 Census · income Income and rooftop solar 1/3

What the head of household earns

The minimum wage is the yardstick for a third of the state

Map of São Paulo state with census tracts in six shades, from cream to dark plum, by the median income of household heads in minimum wages. The interior is a mosaic of mid pinks; the Ribeira Valley, the south and the southern coast are pale; dark patches mark the capital, the corridor to Campinas and the centres of mid-sized cities. Confidential tracts are hatched. A callout points to Iguape, with 79% of household heads in tracts of up to 1.5 minimum wages. In the panel, a legend with the share of household heads in each class and bars with that share by intermediate region, from 48% in Presidente Prudente to 21% in Campinas. — Fig. 060 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

In each census tract of São Paulo, what does the person responsible for the household earn? The 2022 Census gives the median income of household heads with income, and the minimum wage of the time, R$ 1,212, works as a yardstick: in 4,904 tracts the median is exactly one minimum wage. A third of the state’s 16.2 million household heads live in tracts with a median of up to 1.5 minimum wages. The map pales in the Ribeira Valley and the west; in the Presidente Prudente region, 48% of household heads live in such tracts; in the Campinas region, 21%. In Iguape it is 79%; in Francisco Morato, in Greater São Paulo, 78%. At the other end, 1.08 million household heads live in tracts of over 5 minimum wages; the largest shares are in São Caetano do Sul (23%), Santana de Parnaíba and Vinhedo. Plate 034 zooms in on the Campinas region. First plate of the collection “Income and rooftop solar”.

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setores polygon 103,319 tracts: household heads, mean and median income in reais and in minimum wages, class
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2022 Population Census: census tract aggregates (household head income) (2022)
IBGE — 2022 Census Tract Mesh (2022)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Median monthly nominal income of household heads with income, by 2022 Census tract, in six classes measured in 2022 minimum wages (R$ 1,212); tracts with confidential values are left as no data.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540197

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Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Quanto ganha quem responde pela casa: o salário mínimo é a régua de um terço do estado [What the head of household earns: The minimum wage is the yardstick for a third of the state] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540197

@dataset{cerejo2026_renda_mediana_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Quanto ganha quem responde pela casa: O salário mínimo é a régua de um terço do estado},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540197},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540197},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: What the head of household earns: The minimum wage is the yardstick for a third of the state. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 061 Census · income Income and rooftop solar 2/3

Income in the metropolis

From Itaim Bibi to Jardim Ângela, eleven times over

Map of Greater São Paulo and the Santos lowlands with weighting areas in six shades, from cream to dark plum, by the mean income of household heads in minimum wages. The capital’s expanded centre and Alphaville, in Barueri, are dark plum; the northern, eastern and southern edges and the southern coast are pale; the Santos and Guarujá seafront darkens. Black outlines mark municipalities, with the names of Barueri, Osasco, Guarulhos, Mogi das Cruzes, Santo André and Santos. Two callouts point to Itaim Bibi, with R$ 17,804, and Jardim Ângela, with R$ 1,655. In the panel, the share of household heads in each class and bars with the ratio between the richest and poorest area of São Paulo, Barueri, São José do Rio Preto and Santos. — Fig. 061 São Paulo and Santos urban concentrations (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

Greater São Paulo and the Santos lowlands add up to 44 municipalities and 22.3 million people. IBGE divides them into 841 inhabited weighting areas, and in each one the mean income of household heads can be worked out. The richest is Itaim Bibi, in the capital: R$ 17,804 a month, 14.7 minimum wages of 2022. Twenty kilometres away, in the same city, the Jardim Ângela area has R$ 1,655, 1.4 minimum wages: a gap of 10.8 times, the largest among São Paulo municipalities with five areas or more. Barueri comes next, from Alphaville to Engenho Novo (7.6 times), and Santos, from Ponta da Praia to Rádio Clube (6.1). The map shows the capital’s rich centre, stretching south-west to Alphaville, ringed by a pale belt that runs from Francisco Morato to Itaquaquecetuba and down the escarpment to the coast. Second plate of the collection “Income and rooftop solar”.

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Layers

areas_de_ponderacao polygon 2,535 weighting areas statewide: main neighbourhood or district, people, household heads, mean income in reais and in minimum wages
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2022 Population Census: census tract aggregates (household head income) (2022)
IBGE — 2022 Census Weighting Areas and tract correspondence (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo and Santos urban concentrations (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Mean income of household heads with income by 2022 Census weighting area: mean of tracts with data, weighted by the number of household heads, in 2022 minimum wages (R$ 1,212), in the 44 municipalities of the São Paulo and Santos urban concentrations.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540210

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). A renda na metrópole: do Itaim Bibi ao Jardim Ângela, onze vezes [Income in the metropolis: From Itaim Bibi to Jardim Ângela, eleven times over] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540210

@dataset{cerejo2026_renda_na_metropole_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {A renda na metrópole: Do Itaim Bibi ao Jardim Ângela, onze vezes},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540210},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540210},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Income in the metropolis: From Itaim Bibi to Jardim Ângela, eleven times over. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 062 Energy · biomass Income and rooftop solar 3/3

Income and rooftop solar

Rooftop sun does not follow the money

Map of São Paulo municipalities in nine colours, crossing thirds of household heads’ mean income (cream to violet) and thirds of residential solar systems per home (cream to ochre); where both are high, purplish brown. The west and north-west are ochre and brown; the east, Greater São Paulo and the coast, violet; the south and the Ribeira Valley, cream. Callouts point to Dracena, with 26 systems per 100 homes, and the capital, with 0.5. In the panel, the three-by-three grid with the number of municipalities in each cell, spread out rather than on the diagonal, bars with systems per 100 homes in each income third and the municipalities with the highest uptake. — Fig. 062 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: ANEEL, IBGE

São Paulo has 664,000 residential solar systems registered with ANEEL, with 4.4 GW: 4.1 for every 100 occupied homes. One would expect them in the richest towns. They are not there. Across the 645 municipalities, the rank correlation between household heads’ mean income and systems per home is −0.01, that is, none. In the highest income third there are 3.8 systems per 100 homes; in the lowest, 4.2. The map lights up in ochre and brown in the west and north-west, where Dracena reaches 26 per 100, and so does Santo Expedito, with a mean income of 1.8 minimum wages. The capital, with a mean income of 4 minimum wages and more systems than any other city (22,000), has only 0.5 per 100 homes, like Santos: where people live in flats, there is no roof. Plate 044 shows distributed solar generation across Brazil. Last plate of the collection “Income and rooftop solar”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: households, mean income, residential solar systems, kW, systems per 100 homes, W per home, thirds and group
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: ANEEL — List of distributed generation units (open data, October 2026) (2026)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census: census tract aggregates (household head income and households) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: ANEEL residential distributed photovoltaic systems per 100 occupied permanent private homes of the 2022 Census, and mean income of household heads with income, each in thirds of the 645 municipalities, crossed in a nine-class bivariate map; Spearman rank correlation.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540297

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Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Renda e telhado solar: o sol dos telhados não segue o dinheiro [Income and rooftop solar: Rooftop sun does not follow the money] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540297

@dataset{cerejo2026_renda_e_solar_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Renda e telhado solar: O sol dos telhados não segue o dinheiro},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540297},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540297},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Income and rooftop solar: Rooftop sun does not follow the money. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

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