Energy / Biomass

No. 115 Energy · biomass Bioenergy, crossed 5/5

Small, gas-rich and on their own

48 towns of under 20,000 people hold 21% of the biomethane potential and lie far from the pipeline

Map of São Paulo with the 48 small, biomethane-rich municipalities far from the pipeline in three colours by how they run waste services: ochre for those running them alone, light lilac for another regional arrangement and purple for a public consortium. The other 114 municipalities in the top quarter of potential are light grey, and the rest white. A thick black line marks the transmission pipeline, crossing the state from west to east, and thin grey lines the distribution network, concentrated in the east. Ochre dominates the north and north-west. Callouts point to Ariranha, Tarumã and Maracaí. In the panel, the legend and a MUNIC 2023 table comparing the group with the state. — Fig. 115 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), IBGE, EPE, SEMIL/SP, Municipal Energy Yearbook 2025 (base year 2024): sales of hydrous ethanol, petrol C, diesel oil and piped natural gas by municipality

48 São Paulo municipalities combine three things: biomethane potential in the state’s top quarter, fewer than 20,000 people and over 50 km from the transmission pipeline. Together they hold 21% of the state’s accessible potential, 3.53 million m³ a day, for 487 thousand people, mostly from cane. According to MUNIC 2023, 34 of them run solid-waste services on their own, 9 have another regional arrangement and 5 are in a public consortium; none uses piped gas. Going it alone is as common in the group as statewide: this is a descriptive portrait, with no test. Ariranha, with 7,602 people, has the group’s largest potential, 176 thousand m³/day. Fifth plate of the collection “Bioenergy, crossed”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities with the variables of all five plates, the bivariate classes and the LISA clusters (same GPKG as plates 111 to 115)
gasodutos line Gas transmission pipelines and distribution network (EPE)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1, level N4, reference scenario (2026)
IBGE — Survey of Basic Municipal Information (MUNIC) 2023, sanitation supplement: solid waste management (2023)
EPE — WebMap: existing transmission and distribution gas pipelines, as published in the MapBiomas infrastructure database (2022)
SEMIL/SP, Municipal Energy Yearbook 2025 (base year 2024): sales of hydrous ethanol, petrol C, diesel oil and piped natural gas by municipality (2025)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census (population, urbanisation and income by municipality) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Municipalities with CP2B biomethane potential (v5.1, N4, reference scenario) in the state’s top quarter (30,798 m³/day or more), fewer than 20,000 people (2022 Census) and over 50 km in a straight line from the transmission pipeline (EPE), classified by how they run solid-waste management as declared in MUNIC 2023; no statistical test.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Pequenos, cheios de gás e sozinhos: 48 municípios de menos de 20 mil habitantes têm 21 % do potencial de biometano e ficam longe do gasoduto [Small, gas-rich and on their own: 48 towns of under 20,000 people hold 21% of the biomethane potential and lie far from the pipeline] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/115-pequenos-longe-do-gas-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_pequenos_longe_do_gas_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Pequenos, cheios de gás e sozinhos: 48 municípios de menos de 20 mil habitantes têm 21 % do potencial de biometano e ficam longe do gasoduto},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/115-pequenos-longe-do-gas-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Small, gas-rich and on their own: 48 towns of under 20,000 people hold 21% of the biomethane potential and lie far from the pipeline. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 114 Energy · biomass Bioenergy, crossed 4/5

Manure far from who spreads it

Where there are more cattle per km², fewer farms use organic fertiliser

Bivariate map of São Paulo’s municipalities in nine colours, crossing thirds of cattle per km² (light to ochre) with thirds of the share of holdings using organic fertiliser (light to lilac). The ochre of many cattle and little fertiliser covers the west and north-west, from the Pontal to São José do Rio Preto; the lilac of few cattle and much fertiliser, the capital’s surroundings, the Ribeira Valley and the Upper Tietê; the brown of much of both, the Paraíba Valley. The 28 municipalities without data, nearly all in Greater São Paulo and on the coast, are hatched. Callouts point to Ferraz de Vasconcelos, with 81% of holdings using organic fertiliser, and Presidente Bernardes, with 202 cattle per km² and 16%. In the panel, the 3 × 3 grid and the table of correlations. — Fig. 114 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

Where there are more cattle per km², fewer farm holdings use organic fertiliser. Across the 617 São Paulo municipalities with data, the rank correlation between the 2024 cattle herd and the share of holdings that applied organic fertiliser in the 2017 Agricultural Census is −0.41, and −0.32 net of urbanisation, density and income. In the quarter of municipalities with fewest cattle, the median is 32%; in the quarter with most, 18%. Grazing cattle leave their manure on pasture, and organic fertiliser includes compost from market gardens near towns: Ferraz de Vasconcelos, with 2.2 cattle per km², has 81%; Presidente Bernardes, with 202, 16%. Fourth plate of the collection “Bioenergy, crossed”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities with the variables of all five plates, the bivariate classes and the LISA clusters (same GPKG as plates 111 to 115)
gasodutos line Gas transmission pipelines and distribution network (EPE)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Livestock Survey (PPM) 2024, table 3939: herd size (2024)
IBGE — 2017 Agricultural Census, SIDRA table 6847 (holdings by use of fertiliser) (2017)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census (population, urbanisation and income by municipality) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Cattle per km² (IBGE, PPM 2024) and share of farm holdings that applied organic fertiliser, alone or with chemical (IBGE, 2017 Agricultural Census), each in thirds of municipalities, crossed in a 3 × 3 bivariate map; Spearman rank correlations, raw and partial, and bivariate LISA.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O esterco longe de quem aduba: onde há mais boi por km², menos estabelecimentos usam adubo orgânico [Manure far from who spreads it: Where there are more cattle per km², fewer farms use organic fertiliser] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/114-esterco-longe-de-quem-aduba-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_esterco_longe_de_quem_aduba_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O esterco longe de quem aduba: Onde há mais boi por km², menos estabelecimentos usam adubo orgânico},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/114-esterco-longe-de-quem-aduba-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Manure far from who spreads it: Where there are more cattle per km², fewer farms use organic fertiliser. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 113 Energy · biomass Bioenergy, crossed 3/5

Eucalyptus against the forest

Where more native vegetation remains, more wood goes to paper and pulp

Bivariate map of São Paulo in nine colours, crossing thirds of native vegetation (light to ochre) with three steps of pulpwood per km² (none, below and above the producers’ median, light to lilac); where both are high, dark brown. The 279 municipalities outside PEVS 2024 are hatched, with no data. Brown gathers in the south-west, around Capão Bonito, in the centre-west, near Agudos, and in the Paraíba Valley. Callouts point to Capão Bonito, with 39% native cover and 1.70 million m³, and Agudos, with 21% and 845 thousand m³. In the panel, the 3 × 3 grid and the table of correlations. — Fig. 113 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, MapBiomas

In São Paulo municipalities that harvest plantation wood for paper and pulp, the more native vegetation remains, the more wood comes out per km². Across the 366 municipalities in PEVS 2024, the rank correlation is 0.42, and 0.47 net of urbanisation, density and income. The median producer has 18.7% of its area under native vegetation; surveyed municipalities that do not produce, 9.8%. The 127 producers harvested 24.8 million m³, mostly in the south-west, around Sorocaba, and the centre-west, around Bauru. Capão Bonito combines 39% native cover with 1.70 million m³. Relief and soils that keep cane away may lie behind both. Third plate of the collection “Bioenergy, crossed”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities with the variables of all five plates, the bivariate classes and the LISA clusters (same GPKG as plates 111 to 115)
gasodutos line Gas transmission pipelines and distribution network (EPE)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Forestry and Plant Extraction Survey (PEVS) 2024, SIDRA table 291 (roundwood for paper and pulp) (2024)
MapBiomas — Land cover and land use Collection 10 (2024) (2024)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census (population, urbanisation and income by municipality) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Share of municipal area under native vegetation (MapBiomas, collection 10, 2024), in thirds, crossed with plantation roundwood for paper and pulp per km² (IBGE, PEVS 2024): none, below and above the producers’ median; 3 × 3 bivariate map only in PEVS municipalities; Spearman rank correlations, raw and partial, and bivariate LISA.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Eucalipto encostado na mata: onde sobra mais vegetação nativa, mais madeira sai para o papel e a celulose [Eucalyptus against the forest: Where more native vegetation remains, more wood goes to paper and pulp] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/113-eucalipto-encostado-na-mata-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_eucalipto_encostado_na_mata_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Eucalipto encostado na mata: Onde sobra mais vegetação nativa, mais madeira sai para o papel e a celulose},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/113-eucalipto-encostado-na-mata-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Eucalyptus against the forest: Where more native vegetation remains, more wood goes to paper and pulp. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 112 Energy · biomass Bioenergy, crossed 2/5

The diesel biomethane could cover

In 300 municipalities, biomethane potential exceeds, in energy, the diesel sold at the pumps

Choropleth map of São Paulo’s 645 municipalities in six classes of the ratio between biomethane potential and diesel sold, in energy: three shades of ochre below 0.5, beige from 0.5 to 1 and two shades of green for 1 or more. Green covers most of the interior; ochre, Greater São Paulo, the Paraíba Valley, the coast and highway towns; two municipalities with no diesel sales in the Yearbook are hatched. Callouts point to Sertãozinho, at 1.35, Presidente Prudente, at 0.20, and São Paulo, at 0.03. In the panel, the legend with the number of municipalities per class and bars with each intermediate region’s ratio. — Fig. 112 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), SEMIL/SP, Municipal Energy Yearbook 2025 (base year 2024): sales of hydrous ethanol, petrol C, diesel oil and piped natural gas by municipality, SENATRAN, IBGE

If all of São Paulo’s accessible biomethane potential became fuel, 6.16 billion m³ a year, it would cover in energy 44% of the 13.6 billion litres of diesel sold in the state in 2024; outside the São Paulo intermediate region, 61%. In 300 of the 643 municipalities the potential exceeds the diesel sold, and in the median municipality it reaches 80%. Sertãozinho would cover its own diesel with a third to spare; the whole Presidente Prudente region reaches 125%; the capital, 3%. It is an energy sum, not a plan: CP2B is a model, and diesel sales are not consumption. Second plate of the collection “Bioenergy, crossed”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities with the variables of all five plates, the bivariate classes and the LISA clusters (same GPKG as plates 111 to 115)
gasodutos line Gas transmission pipelines and distribution network (EPE)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1, level N4, reference scenario (2026)
SEMIL/SP, Municipal Energy Yearbook 2025 (base year 2024): sales of hydrous ethanol, petrol C, diesel oil and piped natural gas by municipality (2025)
SENATRAN — vehicle fleet by municipality, December 2025 (IBGE Cidades) (2025)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: CP2B biomethane potential (v5.1, level N4, reference scenario) in m³ a year, converted into energy-equivalent litres of diesel (1 m³ ≈ 0.98 L), over the diesel oil sold in the municipality (SEMIL/SP, base year 2024); six classes of the ratio; sums by intermediate region.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O diesel que o biometano cobriria: em 300 municípios, o potencial de biometano passa, em energia, do diesel que os postos vendem [The diesel biomethane could cover: In 300 municipalities, biomethane potential exceeds, in energy, the diesel sold at the pumps] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/112-diesel-que-o-biometano-cobriria-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_diesel_que_o_biometano_cobriria_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O diesel que o biometano cobriria: Em 300 municípios, o potencial de biometano passa, em energia, do diesel que os postos vendem},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/112-diesel-que-o-biometano-cobriria-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The diesel biomethane could cover: In 300 municipalities, biomethane potential exceeds, in energy, the diesel sold at the pumps. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 111 Energy · biomass Bioenergy, crossed 1/5

Cane in the tank

Where there is more cane, ethanol weighs more in what filling stations sell

Bivariate map of São Paulo’s 643 municipalities in nine colours, crossing thirds of area under cane (light to ochre) with thirds of ethanol’s share of Otto-cycle sales (light to lilac); where both are high, dark brown. Brown dominates the cane belt in the centre and north-west; light grey, little cane and little ethanol, covers Greater São Paulo, the Paraíba Valley and the Ribeira Valley. Two municipalities with no fuel sales in the Yearbook are hatched. Callouts point to Ibaté, with 69% ethanol, São Luiz do Paraitinga, with 16%, and São Paulo, with 39%. In the panel, the 3 × 3 grid with the number of municipalities in each cell and the table of correlations. — Fig. 111 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: SEMIL/SP, Municipal Energy Yearbook 2025 (base year 2024): sales of hydrous ethanol, petrol C, diesel oil and piped natural gas by municipality, MapBiomas, IBGE

In São Paulo municipalities with more cane, ethanol weighs more in the fuel sold for petrol and flex-fuel engines. In energy, hydrous ethanol was 43% of Otto-cycle sales statewide in 2024; in the third of municipalities with least cane, 38%; in the third with most, 52%. The rank correlation is 0.70 and stays at 0.59 net of urbanisation, density and income. In Ibaté, with cane on 51% of its area, ethanol reaches 69%; in São Luiz do Paraitinga, with no cane, it is 16%. Sales are not consumption, and prices, the fleet and distance from mills may lie behind it. First plate of the collection “Bioenergy, crossed”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities with the variables of all five plates, the bivariate classes and the LISA clusters (same GPKG as plates 111 to 115)
gasodutos line Gas transmission pipelines and distribution network (EPE)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: SEMIL/SP, Municipal Energy Yearbook 2025 (base year 2024): sales of hydrous ethanol, petrol C, diesel oil and piped natural gas by municipality (2025)
MapBiomas — Land cover and land use Collection 10 (2024) (2024)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census (population, urbanisation and income by municipality) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Share of municipal area under sugar cane (MapBiomas, collection 10, 2024) and hydrous ethanol’s share of the energy sold in the Otto cycle (ethanol and petrol C, SEMIL/SP, base year 2024), each in thirds of municipalities, crossed in a 3 × 3 bivariate map; Spearman rank correlations, raw and partial, and bivariate LISA.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Cana no tanque: onde há mais canavial, o etanol pesa mais no que os postos vendem [Cane in the tank: Where there is more cane, ethanol weighs more in what filling stations sell] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/111-cana-no-tanque-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_cana_no_tanque_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Cana no tanque: Onde há mais canavial, o etanol pesa mais no que os postos vendem},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/111-cana-no-tanque-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Cane in the tank: Where there is more cane, ethanol weighs more in what filling stations sell. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 092 Energy · biomass Biogenic carbon 4/4

What CO₂ could become

With green hydrogen, the cane would yield almost twice the gas the state uses

Map of São Paulo with the eleven intermediate regions in five shades of grey-blue by the possible e-methane from biogenic CO₂, darkest in the north, in Ribeirão Preto and São José do Rio Preto, and almost white in São Paulo and São José dos Campos. On top, transmission pipelines in plum, along an axis from the west to Campinas and on to the capital and the Paraíba Valley, distribution networks in ochre, and brick-red circles in municipalities with over 100 kt of vat CO₂ a harvest, almost all in the north, far from the pipelines. A callout points to Guaíra, 150 km from the nearest pipeline. In the panel, the sum per tonne of CO₂ and bars of possible e-methane by region, split between vats and biogas. — Fig. 092 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: ANP, CP2B (Unicamp), IRENA (2020), SEMIL (SP), EPE, IBGE

With hydrogen, biogenic CO₂ can become fuel. One tonne of CO₂ plus 183 kg of H₂ gives 365 kg of methane, about 509 m³; with 137 kg of H₂, it gives 728 kg of methanol. Adding the vat CO₂ of the 2025/26 harvest (8.9 million t) to what upgrading the possible biogas would separate (9.1 million), São Paulo would have 18 million t a year: enough for 25 million m³ of e-methane a day, almost twice the natural gas the state used in 2024, or for 13 million t of methanol. But the sum calls for 3.3 million t of green hydrogen and 182 TWh of electricity, 1.2 times the state’s use. The Ribeirão Preto region holds 26% of the total, and 60% of the vat CO₂ lies over 50 km from a gas pipeline. It is a theoretical calculation and an estimate. Last plate of the collection “Biogenic carbon”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

regioes_carbono polygon 11 intermediate regions: biogenic CO₂, H₂, electricity, possible e-methane and e-methanol, and the largest source
usinas_etanol point 145 ethanol mills, with estimated CO₂ (plate 089)
gasodutos_transporte line Existing transmission pipelines (same database as plate 057)
gasodutos_distribuicao line Piped gas distribution networks

Metadata

Sources: ANP — Ethanol Producers Dynamic Panel (output and capacity by mill) (2026)
CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (level N4, reference scenario) (2026)
IRENA (2020) — Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction: Scaling up Electrolysers to Meet the 1.5 °C Climate Goal (electrolysis power use) (2020)
SEMIL (SP) — Energy Yearbook by Municipality of São Paulo State 2025, base year 2024 (natural gas and electricity use) (2025)
EPE — WebMap: existing transmission and distribution gas pipelines, as published in the MapBiomas infrastructure database (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 and intermediate geographic regions (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Biogenic CO₂ by intermediate region (vats in the 2025/26 harvest, plate 089, plus upgrading of the possible biogas, plate 090), converted into e-methane (CO₂ + 4 H₂ → CH₄ + 2 H₂O) and e-methanol (CO₂ + 3 H₂ → CH₃OH + H₂O) at full conversion, with the hydrogen turned into electricity at 55 kWh per kg (electrolysis); distance from each municipality to the nearest gas pipeline.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O que o CO₂ poderia virar: com hidrogênio verde, a cana renderia quase duas vezes o gás consumido no estado [What CO₂ could become: With green hydrogen, the cane would yield almost twice the gas the state uses] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/092-o-que-o-co2-pode-virar-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_o_que_o_co2_pode_virar_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O que o CO₂ poderia virar: Com hidrogênio verde, a cana renderia quase duas vezes o gás consumido no estado},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/092-o-que-o-co2-pode-virar-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: What CO₂ could become: With green hydrogen, the cane would yield almost twice the gas the state uses. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 091 Energy · biomass Biogenic carbon 3/4

Biogenic versus fossil

In the state’s large fixed sources, half the CO₂ comes from sugarcane

Map of São Paulo with circles proportional to the 2024 CO₂ from each municipality’s large fixed sources, adding ethanol vats and the burning of natural gas, fuel oil and coke, coloured by biogenic share: from purple, almost all fossil, to dark green, almost all biogenic. The greens cover the interior, in the north and west; the purples cluster in Greater São Paulo, Cubatão, Campinas and the Paraíba Valley. Callouts point to Cubatão, with 738 kt of fossil CO₂, Guaíra, with 310 kt, all from the vats, and Piracicaba, 34% biogenic. In the panel, bars compare the vats, the possible biogas, fossil fixed sources and all the state’s fossil energy, 77 million t. — Fig. 091 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: SEMIL (SP), ANP, IPCC (2006), IPCC (2005), EPE, IBGE

The gas leaving an ethanol vat is almost 100% CO₂; a combustion stack carries 3% to 15%. That is why mills are among the easiest sources to capture. In 2024, São Paulo’s vats released about 10.1 million t of biogenic CO₂. Natural gas burnt by industry, cogeneration and power plants, fuel oil and coke added up to 9.3 million t of fossil CO₂, on the SEMIL Energy Yearbook and IPCC factors. In these large fixed sources, 52% of the CO₂ comes from sugarcane. The map splits: across the cane-growing interior, 116 municipalities have more biogenic than fossil CO₂; fossil CO₂ concentrates in the capital (850,000 t), Cubatão (738,000), Santa Gertrudes, Paulínia and Jacareí. In Piracicaba the two mix: 34% is biogenic. The fossil figure here is a floor. Third plate of the collection “Biogenic carbon”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: fossil CO₂ (gas, oil, coke and all energy), vat CO₂ in 2024 and biogenic share (same GPKG as plate 089)

Metadata

Sources: SEMIL (SP) — Energy Yearbook by Municipality of São Paulo State 2025, base year 2024 (natural gas and oil product use by municipality) (2025)
ANP — Ethanol Producers Dynamic Panel (2024 output and capacity by mill) (2026)
IPCC (2006) — Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, vol. 2, ch. 1, Table 1.4 (stationary combustion CO₂ emission factors) (2006)
IPCC (2005) — Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, Table 2.1 (CO₂ concentration by source type) (2005)
EPE — Brazilian Energy Balance 2025 (net calorific values) (2025)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Fossil CO₂ in 2024 by municipality: industrial, cogeneration and power-generation natural gas use and fuel oil and petroleum coke use (SEMIL Energy Yearbook), times the BEN net calorific value and the IPCC 2006 emission factor; biogenic CO₂ in 2024: ethanol fermentation estimated as in plate 089; biogenic share = biogenic ÷ (biogenic + fossil).
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Biogênico contra fóssil: nas grandes fontes fixas do estado, metade do CO₂ vem da cana [Biogenic versus fossil: In the state’s large fixed sources, half the CO₂ comes from sugarcane] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/091-co2-biogenico-e-fossil-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_co2_biogenico_e_fossil_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Biogênico contra fóssil: Nas grandes fontes fixas do estado, metade do CO₂ vem da cana},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/091-co2-biogenico-e-fossil-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Biogenic versus fossil: In the state’s large fixed sources, half the CO₂ comes from sugarcane. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 090 Energy · biomass Biogenic carbon 2/4

The CO₂ in biogas

To become biomethane, biogas must shed its CO₂, almost half its volume

Choropleth map of São Paulo municipalities in six shades of brown, from cream to dark brown, by the CO₂ that upgrading the possible biogas would separate each year. The dark shades cover almost all the cane-growing interior, in the north, west and centre; the light ones lie on the coast, in the Ribeira Valley and in the Paraíba Valley. The capital shows dark among its light neighbours. A callout points to Guaíra, with 178 kt a year, the largest potential in the state; another points to São Paulo, with 72 kt, from organic waste, pruning and sewage sludge. In the panel, bars show that 82% of the CO₂ would come from cane residues and others give the CO₂ share of the biogas from each residue. — Fig. 090 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), NIST, IBGE

Biogas leaves the digester as methane and CO₂; the CO₂ takes up 32% to 48% of the volume, depending on the residue. To become biomethane, which can enter the gas grid, biogas goes through upgrading, which separates out this CO₂, a concentrated, biogenic gas. If all the possible biogas in São Paulo were made and upgraded, on the CP2B potential (level N4, reference scenario), about 9.1 million t of CO₂ a year would come out, almost as much as the ethanol vats release in a harvest. 82% would come from cane residues: vinasse, filter cake, bagasse and straw. Guaíra leads with 178,000 t, followed by Morro Agudo with 154,000 and Sertãozinho with 136,000; the capital reaches 72,000 t from organic waste, pruning and sewage sludge. It is a potential, not a current emission, and an estimate. Second plate of the collection “Biogenic carbon”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: biogas upgrading CO₂, total and by group (cane, crops, livestock, urban), and N4 biogas (same GPKG as plate 089)

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (level N4, reference scenario) (2026)
NIST — Chemistry WebBook (CO₂ density at 0 °C and 1 atm) (2023)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: For each municipality and residue, the biogas of the CP2B v5.1 potential (level N4, reference scenario) times the share of the volume that is not methane (1 − the residue’s CH₄ fraction), converted to mass at 1.977 kg of CO₂ per normal m³; summed by municipality and by residue group.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O CO₂ do biogás: para virar biometano, o biogás solta o CO₂, quase metade do volume [The CO₂ in biogas: To become biomethane, biogas must shed its CO₂, almost half its volume] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/090-co2-do-biogas-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_co2_do_biogas_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O CO₂ do biogás: Para virar biometano, o biogás solta o CO₂, quase metade do volume},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/090-co2-do-biogas-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The CO₂ in biogas: To become biomethane, biogas must shed its CO₂, almost half its volume. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 089 Energy · biomass Biogenic carbon 1/4

The CO₂ from the vats

Every ethanol mill gives off an almost pure gas that now goes into the air

Map of São Paulo state with brick-red circles, proportional to the fermentation CO₂ estimated in each municipality in the 2025/26 harvest, over lightly tinted municipalities that have a mill. The circles cluster in the north and centre of the state, around Ribeirão Preto, and thin out to the east and south. A callout points to Guaíra, with 271 kt from three mills, the largest point in the state; another points to Piracicaba, with 115 kt, 10 km from a gas pipeline. In the panel, monthly bars show the CO₂ concentrated from May to October and almost nil from December to March, and further bars list the six largest municipalities. — Fig. 089 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: ANP, Kheshgi, H. S. and Prince, R. C. (2005). Sequestration of fermentation CO₂ from ethanol production. Energy, 30, 1865–1871, EPE, IBGE

In the fermentation vat, yeast turns cane sugar into ethanol and releases CO₂ in step: 0.955 kg of gas per kg of alcohol, about 0.75 t per m³. It is almost pure CO₂, of biological origin, and today it goes into the air. In the 2025/26 harvest, São Paulo’s mills made 12.1 billion litres of ethanol; by stoichiometry, about 8.9 million tonnes of CO₂ left the vats, from 145 mills in 119 municipalities. Guaíra, with three mills, leads with about 271,000 t; Pitangueiras, Sertãozinho and Buritizal each pass 190,000. The gas follows the crushing season: 1.4 million t in August and almost nothing from December to March. As ANP publishes output only by state, each mill’s share is estimated from its authorised capacity; everything here is an estimate. First plate of the collection “Biogenic carbon”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

usinas_etanol point 145 SP mills with authorised capacity in the harvest: estimated ethanol and CO₂, at the municipality’s interior point
municipios polygon 645 municipalities: fermentation CO₂ (2025/26 harvest and 2024), biogas, fossil and possible e-methane

Metadata

Sources: ANP — Ethanol Producers Dynamic Panel: authorised capacity by mill and output by state and month (pb-da-etanol.zip) (2026)
ANP — Resolution No. 907/2022, Table 1 (density and alcohol content of anhydrous and hydrous ethanol) (2022)
Kheshgi, H. S. and Prince, R. C. (2005). Sequestration of fermentation CO₂ from ethanol production. Energy, 30, 1865–1871 (2005)
EPE — WebMap: existing gas pipelines, as published in the MapBiomas infrastructure database (distance to pipeline) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: São Paulo’s anhydrous and hydrous ethanol output in the 2025/26 harvest (ANP, by month) shared out among mills by their authorised capacity in each month, converted to mass by the density in the ANP specification and to CO₂ by the stoichiometry of alcoholic fermentation (0.955 kg of CO₂ per kg of ethanol); summed by municipality.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O CO₂ das dornas: toda usina de etanol solta um gás quase puro, que hoje vai para o ar [The CO₂ from the vats: Every ethanol mill gives off an almost pure gas that now goes into the air] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/089-co2-das-dornas-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_co2_das_dornas_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O CO₂ das dornas: Toda usina de etanol solta um gás quase puro, que hoje vai para o ar},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/089-co2-das-dornas-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The CO₂ from the vats: Every ethanol mill gives off an almost pure gas that now goes into the air. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 084 Energy · biomass Manure that feeds the soil 4/4

Biogas digestate

If manure went through digesters, 98,000 t of N and 49,000 t of P₂O₅ a year would return to the fields

The biomethane potential of poultry, pig and cattle manure in São Paulo, at CP2B’s accessible level, is 1.29 million m³ a day. The digestate left by that biogas keeps the manure’s nutrients: about 98,000 tonnes of nitrogen, 49,000 of P₂O₅ and 48,000 of K₂O a year, equal to 25% of the phosphorus, 14% of the nitrogen and 9% of the potassium that the state’s harvests remove. Three quarters of the nitrogen would come from poultry farms. In 61 municipalities with at least 1,000 hectares harvested, digestate would supply all the P₂O₅ of the harvest. Bastos would have 2,200 tonnes of P₂O₅ in digestate, a hundred times what its crops remove; Botucatu, with 43,000 hectares of crops, 117%. Sugarcane, which makes up most of CP2B’s potential, is left out: vinasse, filter cake and straw already go back to the fields. Fourth and last plate of the collection “Manure that feeds the soil”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: N, P₂O₅ and K₂O in manure digestate (CP2B N4), biomethane, and the share of crop removal it replaces (same GPKG as plate 081)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (24/09/2026), accessible level N4, reference scenario (2026)
IBGE — 2024 Municipal Agricultural Production (SIDRA, tables 1612 and 1613, variables 214 and 216; retrieved from https://apisidra.ibge.gov.br/values/t/1612/n6/in%20n3%2035/v/214/p/2024/c81/all and equivalents on 18/10/2026) (2024)
IBGE — 2024 Municipal Livestock Survey (SIDRA, tables 3939 and 94) (2024)
IPCC — 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, vol. 4, ch. 10 (tables 10.19 and 10A.5) (2019)
MidWest Plan Service — MWPS-18, Manure Characteristics, section 1, 2nd ed. (table 6) (2004)
IPNI Brazil/NPCT — Nutrient Balance Calculator (contents in the harvested product; Cunha, Casarin and Prochnow, Informações Agronômicas 130 and 145) (2014)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Methane at level N4 of CP2B v5.1 (reference scenario) for manure from broilers and laying hens, pigs, and dairy, feedlot and grazing cattle, converted into equivalent head with each substrate’s mean parameters and multiplied by the N, P₂O₅ and K₂O excreted per head (IPCC 2019 and MWPS-18); digestate keeps these nutrients. Colour: digestate over the P₂O₅ removed by the municipality’s harvests (2024 PAM × IPNI), in six classes; circles: tonnes of P₂O₅.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O digestato do biogás: se os dejetos passassem pelo biodigestor, voltariam ao campo 98 mil t de N e 49 mil t de P₂O₅ por ano [Biogas digestate: If manure went through digesters, 98,000 t of N and 49,000 t of P₂O₅ a year would return to the fields] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/084-digestato-do-biogas-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_digestato_do_biogas_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O digestato do biogás: Se os dejetos passassem pelo biodigestor, voltariam ao campo 98 mil t de N e 49 mil t de P₂O₅ por ano},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/084-digestato-do-biogas-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Biogas digestate: If manure went through digesters, 98,000 t of N and 49,000 t of P₂O₅ a year would return to the fields. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 080 Energy · biomass The bioeconomy at work 5/5

Who treats the waste

Urban waste is everywhere; those who treat it are in few places

Map of São Paulo’s municipalities in five shades of grey-green by the biomethane potential of organic rubbish, sewage sludge and prunings, darker in the large towns, with brick-coloured circles proportional to formal jobs in waste treatment and disposal. The circles are few and gathered in Greater São Paulo, the Paraíba Valley and some inland towns; many dark mid-sized towns have no circle. Callouts point to the capital, with 23% of urban biomethane and 1,861 treatment jobs, and Piracicaba, with 13,000 m³ a day and no jobs. In the panel, the legend, the reference circles and bars with waste and sewage jobs per 10,000 people in each intermediate region. — Fig. 080 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: MTE/PDET, CP2B (Unicamp), IBGE

São Paulo’s organic rubbish, sewage sludge and prunings would yield 621,000 m³ of biomethane a day at CP2B’s accessible level, and that matter is in every town. Those who treat it are not. Only 71 of the 645 municipalities have formal jobs in waste treatment and disposal, landfills, composting and biogas plants: 7,555 in the state, against 52,000 in collection. The capital has 23% of urban biomethane and 1,861 of those jobs; São José dos Campos, Arujá and Caieiras come next. Yet 44% of urban biomethane lies in municipalities with no treatment jobs at all: Piracicaba has 13,000 m³ a day and none; São José do Rio Preto, 12,000 and none. There, waste travels to a landfill in another municipality or is handled by the council, outside the private count. Fifth and last plate of the collection “The bioeconomy at work”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: jobs in sewage, collection, treatment and recovery, jobs per 10,000 people and urban biomethane potential (same GPKG as plate 076)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: MTE/PDET — RAIS 2025: establishments (RAIS ESTAB PUB), active jobs on 31/12 by CNAE 2.0 subclass and municipality (2025)
CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census: municipal population (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Urban-waste biomethane potential by municipality (CP2B v5.1, level N4, reference scenario: organic waste, sewage sludge and prunings), in five classes, and circles proportional to active jobs on 31/12/2025 in waste treatment and disposal (CNAE 38.21 and 38.22, RAIS 2025).
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Quem trata o resíduo: o resíduo urbano está em toda parte; quem o trata, em poucos lugares [Who treats the waste: Urban waste is everywhere; those who treat it are in few places] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/080-quem-trata-o-residuo-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_quem_trata_o_residuo_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Quem trata o resíduo: O resíduo urbano está em toda parte; quem o trata, em poucos lugares},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/080-quem-trata-o-residuo-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Who treats the waste: Urban waste is everywhere; those who treat it are in few places. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 079 Energy · biomass The bioeconomy at work 4/5

Where biomass meets the factory

The hubs that already have both residue and industry, and those with only one

Bivariate map of São Paulo’s municipalities in nine colours from a three-by-three grid: green grows with biomethane potential and ochre with jobs in bio-based industry; dark brown marks municipalities in the top third of both. Dark brown covers much of the north and centre; pure green appears in the north-west and west; pure ochre in Greater São Paulo. Callouts point to Brejo Alegre, with 77,000 m³ of biomethane a day and 4 industry jobs, and Barueri, with 4,554 jobs and little biomass. In the panel, the grid with the number of municipalities in each cell, the tercile limits and two lists: municipalities with plenty of biomass and little industry, and those with plenty of industry and little biomass. — Fig. 079 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), MTE/PDET, IBGE

A bioeconomy hub needs two things in the same place: biomass and someone who knows how to convert it. This plate crosses the biomethane potential of residues (CP2B, accessible level, reference scenario) with formal jobs in bio-based industry (food, drink, wood, paper, fibres and biofuels), each split into thirds of the municipalities. In 115 municipalities both are in the top third: these are the hubs, with 61% of the state’s biomethane and 55% of those jobs, nearly all in the cane-growing north and centre. In 28, biomass is plentiful and industry scarce: Brejo Alegre has 77,000 m³ of biomethane a day and 4 industrial jobs. In 43, industry is strong and biomass is scarce, mostly in the metropolis: Barueri has 4,554 jobs and little residue of its own. Fourth plate of the collection “The bioeconomy at work”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: CP2B biomethane potential and bio-based industry jobs by segment (same GPKG as plate 076)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
MTE/PDET — RAIS 2025: establishments (RAIS ESTAB PUB), active jobs on 31/12 by CNAE 2.0 subclass and municipality (2025)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Biomethane potential by municipality (CP2B v5.1, level N4, reference scenario) and active jobs on 31/12/2025 in bio-based industry (RAIS 2025), each split into thirds of the municipalities with a value; the cross gives nine classes.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Onde a biomassa encontra a fábrica: os polos que já têm resíduo e indústria, e os que só têm um dos dois [Where biomass meets the factory: The hubs that already have both residue and industry, and those with only one] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/079-biomassa-e-industria-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_biomassa_e_industria_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Onde a biomassa encontra a fábrica: Os polos que já têm resíduo e indústria, e os que só têm um dos dois},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/079-biomassa-e-industria-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Where biomass meets the factory: The hubs that already have both residue and industry, and those with only one. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 078 Energy · biomass The bioeconomy at work 3/5

The organic-waste factories

Mills, slaughterhouses, dairies, juice plants and breweries: where industry leaves organic waste

Map of São Paulo with the municipalities in grey and circles proportional to formal jobs in organic-waste-generating industries, coloured by the branch with most jobs: yellow for sugar and ethanol, brick red for slaughter, blue for dairy, orange for fruit and juice, purple for drinks, beige for grain and feed and green for oils. Large yellow circles spread across the north and west; red ones appear in the west and north-west; the capital has the largest circle. Callouts point to Guaíra, with 7,588 jobs, 87% in sugar and ethanol, and the capital, with 16,133. In the panel, the branch legend with each branch’s jobs, the municipalities with most jobs and a note on what CP2B already counts. — Fig. 078 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: MTE/PDET, IBGE

Some industries leave organic waste in volume: vinasse, filter cake and bagasse at the mills; blood, rumen contents and fatty effluent at slaughterhouses; whey at dairies; pulp and peel at juice plants; yeast and spent grain at breweries. In São Paulo, 364,647 formal jobs are in these industries, in 3,692 establishments and 531 municipalities. Sugar and ethanol account for 46%; slaughter, 23%. The capital has the most jobs, 16,133, split between dairy, oils, slaughter and drinks. Inland the mill rules: in Guaíra, 87% of the 7,588 jobs are in sugar and ethanol; Sertãozinho and Araras follow close behind. Slaughter leads in 124 municipalities, the mills in 116 and dairies in 89. CP2B already counts cane residues; the effluent of the other industries is left out. Third plate of the collection “The bioeconomy at work”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: jobs and establishments in generating industries, by branch, and the dominant branch (same GPKG as plate 076)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: MTE/PDET — RAIS 2025: establishments (RAIS ESTAB PUB), active jobs on 31/12 by CNAE 2.0 subclass and municipality (2025)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Active jobs on 31/12/2025 in seven industrial branches that generate organic effluent and waste in volume (slaughter, dairy, fruit and juice, sugar and ethanol, oils, drinks, grain and feed), by CNAE class and municipality; circle proportional to the total, coloured by the branch with most jobs.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). As fábricas do resíduo orgânico: usinas, frigoríficos, laticínios, sucos e cervejarias: onde a indústria deixa resíduo orgânico [The organic-waste factories: Mills, slaughterhouses, dairies, juice plants and breweries: where industry leaves organic waste] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/078-industrias-do-residuo-organico-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_industrias_do_residuo_organico_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {As fábricas do resíduo orgânico: Usinas, frigoríficos, laticínios, sucos e cervejarias: onde a indústria deixa resíduo orgânico},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/078-industrias-do-residuo-organico-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The organic-waste factories: Mills, slaughterhouses, dairies, juice plants and breweries: where industry leaves organic waste. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 077 Energy · biomass The bioeconomy at work 2/5

Which bioeconomy

Farming leads inland and in the Ribeira Valley; food factories, around the towns

Map of São Paulo’s municipalities in five colours by the bioeconomy segment with most formal jobs: olive green for farming, ochre for food, brown for wood and paper, lilac for fibres and leather and yellow for biofuels. Olive green covers most of the west and the Ribeira Valley; ochre forms patches around the inland towns and the metropolis; yellow appears in spots across the cane-growing north. Callouts point to Guaíra, with 6,245 jobs in biofuels, and Suzano, with 3,866 in wood and paper. In the panel, the legend with the number of municipalities for each segment and stacked bars comparing the make-up of the bioeconomy in Brazil, in SP and in each intermediate region. — Fig. 077 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: MTE/PDET, JRC (European Commission), IBGE

São Paulo’s bioeconomy is, above all, a food factory: food, drink and tobacco account for 496,000 of the 1.05 million formal jobs, 47%, against 45% in Brazil. Farming, fishing and forestry have 350,000, 33%, below the country’s 38%. Wood, paper and wooden furniture have 147,000; biofuels, 43,000; natural fibres and leather, 18,000. By municipality, farming leads in 376 of the 645, nearly all small, in the west and the Ribeira Valley. The food industry leads in 203, around the mid-sized towns and the metropolis. Wood and paper lead in 44, such as Suzano, with 3,866 jobs. Ethanol mills lead in 17, among them Guaíra, with 6,245 jobs in biofuels. Fibres and leather lead in 5. Second plate of the collection “The bioeconomy at work”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: bioeconomy jobs by segment and dominant segment (same GPKG as plate 076)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: MTE/PDET — RAIS 2025: establishments (RAIS ESTAB PUB), active jobs on 31/12 by CNAE 2.0 subclass and municipality (2025)
JRC (European Commission) — Jobs and wealth in the European Union bioeconomy: scope of bioeconomy sectors (2024)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Bioeconomy active jobs on 31/12/2025, within the European JRC scope, split into five segments by CNAE subclass; each municipality takes the colour of the segment with most jobs.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Que bioeconomia: o campo lidera no interior e no Vale do Ribeira; a fábrica de alimentos, em volta das cidades [Which bioeconomy: Farming leads inland and in the Ribeira Valley; food factories, around the towns] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/077-perfil-da-bioeconomia-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_perfil_da_bioeconomia_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Que bioeconomia: O campo lidera no interior e no Vale do Ribeira; a fábrica de alimentos, em volta das cidades},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/077-perfil-da-bioeconomia-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Which bioeconomy: Farming leads inland and in the Ribeira Valley; food factories, around the towns. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 076 Energy · biomass The bioeconomy at work 1/5

The bioeconomy in jobs

One formal job in fifteen comes from biomass

Map of São Paulo’s municipalities in six shades of green, from cream to dark green, by the share of formal jobs in the bioeconomy. The west and north-west are almost all dark green; Greater São Paulo, the Paraíba Valley and the coast are pale. Callouts point to Planalto, with 80% of its jobs in the bioeconomy, and the capital, with 1.2% and 66,000 jobs. In the panel, the bioeconomy jobs in each class and the bioeconomy’s share in each intermediate region, from 20.7% in Marília to 1.7% in São Paulo. — Fig. 076 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: MTE/PDET, JRC (European Commission), IBGE

On 31 December 2025, 1.05 million formal jobs in São Paulo were in the bioeconomy: in farming, fishing and forestry, and in the industries that wholly convert biomass, such as food, drink, wood, paper, natural fibres, leather and biofuels. This is the scope the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) uses to measure the European Union’s bioeconomy. They are 6.5% of the state’s 16.16 million jobs, below Brazil’s 7.9%, yet SP holds 22% of the country’s formal bioeconomy. The share grows westwards: 20.7% in the Marília region, 1.7% in the São Paulo region. In 146 municipalities over 35% of formal jobs come from biomass; in Planalto, 80%. The capital has the largest number, 66,000 jobs, but only 1.2% of its own. First plate of the collection “The bioeconomy at work”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: jobs, bioeconomy jobs by segment, share and location quotient, organic-waste-generating industries, waste and sewage, CP2B biomethane potential and population
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: MTE/PDET — RAIS 2025: establishments (RAIS ESTAB PUB), active jobs on 31/12 by CNAE 2.0 subclass and municipality (2025)
JRC (European Commission) — Jobs and wealth in the European Union bioeconomy: scope of bioeconomy sectors (2024)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Active jobs on 31/12/2025 in the bioeconomy’s CNAE subclasses (farming, fishing and forestry; food, drink and tobacco; wood, paper and wooden furniture; natural fibres and leather; biofuels), within the European JRC scope, over all active jobs in each municipality, in six classes.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). A bioeconomia no emprego: um em cada quinze empregos formais vem da biomassa [The bioeconomy in jobs: One formal job in fifteen comes from biomass] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/076-bioeconomia-no-emprego-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_bioeconomia_no_emprego_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {A bioeconomia no emprego: Um em cada quinze empregos formais vem da biomassa},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/076-bioeconomia-no-emprego-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The bioeconomy in jobs: One formal job in fifteen comes from biomass. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 062 Energy · biomass Income and rooftop solar 3/3

Income and rooftop solar

Rooftop sun does not follow the money

Map of São Paulo municipalities in nine colours, crossing thirds of household heads’ mean income (cream to violet) and thirds of residential solar systems per home (cream to ochre); where both are high, purplish brown. The west and north-west are ochre and brown; the east, Greater São Paulo and the coast, violet; the south and the Ribeira Valley, cream. Callouts point to Dracena, with 26 systems per 100 homes, and the capital, with 0.5. In the panel, the three-by-three grid with the number of municipalities in each cell, spread out rather than on the diagonal, bars with systems per 100 homes in each income third and the municipalities with the highest uptake. — Fig. 062 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: ANEEL, IBGE

São Paulo has 664,000 residential solar systems registered with ANEEL, with 4.4 GW: 4.1 for every 100 occupied homes. One would expect them in the richest towns. They are not there. Across the 645 municipalities, the rank correlation between household heads’ mean income and systems per home is −0.01, that is, none. In the highest income third there are 3.8 systems per 100 homes; in the lowest, 4.2. The map lights up in ochre and brown in the west and north-west, where Dracena reaches 26 per 100, and so does Santo Expedito, with a mean income of 1.8 minimum wages. The capital, with a mean income of 4 minimum wages and more systems than any other city (22,000), has only 0.5 per 100 homes, like Santos: where people live in flats, there is no roof. Plate 044 shows distributed solar generation across Brazil. Last plate of the collection “Income and rooftop solar”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: households, mean income, residential solar systems, kW, systems per 100 homes, W per home, thirds and group
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: ANEEL — List of distributed generation units (open data, October 2026) (2026)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census: census tract aggregates (household head income and households) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: ANEEL residential distributed photovoltaic systems per 100 occupied permanent private homes of the 2022 Census, and mean income of household heads with income, each in thirds of the 645 municipalities, crossed in a nine-class bivariate map; Spearman rank correlation.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540297

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Renda e telhado solar: o sol dos telhados não segue o dinheiro [Income and rooftop solar: Rooftop sun does not follow the money] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540297

@dataset{cerejo2026_renda_e_solar_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Renda e telhado solar: O sol dos telhados não segue o dinheiro},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540297},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540297},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Income and rooftop solar: Rooftop sun does not follow the money. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 059 Energy · biomass Biogas on the ground 5/5

Biogas in operation

Of the potential, what has already become a plant

Map of São Paulo state with municipalities in pale greens by biomethane potential. Dark blue circles, proportional to authorised capacity, mark nine ANP biomethane plants, from Narandiba and Paraguaçu Paulista in the west to Américo Brasiliense, Piracicaba, Elias Fausto, Paulínia, Caieiras, São Paulo and Jambeiro. Clay-red rings, proportional to capacity, mark biogas distributed generation in 24 municipalities, the largest in the capital. A callout points to Piracicaba, with 130,000 m³ a day authorised, the largest capacity. In the panel, bars show each plant’s capacity and the share of biogas processed that month. — Fig. 059 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: ANP, ANEEL, CP2B (Unicamp), IBGE

Of a potential of 16.9 million m³ of biomethane a day, how much has already become a plant? In April 2026, nine biomethane plants in São Paulo reported output to ANP. Together they hold 558,000 m³ a day of authorised capacity, 3.3% of the potential, and that month processed only 15% of the biogas they could treat: three of them stood near zero. The largest, Raízen and Geo’s plant in Piracicaba, has 130,000 m³ a day authorised, from vinasse and filter cake; the Caieiras landfill plant runs the most, at 45% use. In electricity, ANEEL lists 32 biogas distributed generation units in the state, with 21.9 MW, in 24 municipalities: most of it at landfills in the capital and São José dos Campos and at a mill in Narandiba; the rest, smaller, mostly from farm manure. The larger biogas power stations are on plate 028. Last plate of the collection “Biogas on the ground”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

plantas_biometano point 9 biomethane plants: company name, CNPJ, biomethane and biogas capacity, biogas processed and use in the month
gd_biogas point 24 municipalities with biogas distributed generation: units and capacity (kW) by residue type
municipios polygon 645 municipalities: potential, ANP capacity and DG capacity (same GPKG as plate 055)

Metadata

Sources: ANP — Biomethane: authorised plants and monthly output (April 2026) (2026)
ANEEL — List of distributed generation units (open data, October 2026) (2026)
CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: SP biomethane plants that reported output to ANP in April 2026, with authorised capacity and biogas processed, and ANEEL biogas distributed generation units summed by municipality, over the biomethane potential (CP2B method v5.1, level N4, reference scenario).
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Biogás em operação: do potencial, o que já virou planta [Biogas in operation: Of the potential, what has already become a plant] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/059-biogas-em-operacao-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_biogas_em_operacao_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Biogás em operação: Do potencial, o que já virou planta},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/059-biogas-em-operacao-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Biogas in operation: Of the potential, what has already become a plant. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 058 Energy · biomass Biogas on the ground 4/5

Biomethane and the power grid

The wire reaches closer than the pipe

Map of São Paulo state with municipalities in greens by biomethane potential, darker in the north and centre. On top, basic-grid transmission lines in ochre (up to 230 kV), clay (345 and 440 kV) and plum (500 kV or more) cross the state in every direction, densest from the north-west to the capital; black dots mark substations. A callout points to Valparaíso, 52 km from the nearest substation, with 197,000 m³ a day of potential. In the panel, two sets of bars show the share of the potential by distance to a line and to a substation. — Fig. 058 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), EPE, IBGE

Where there is no pipeline, biogas can become electricity on the spot and leave by wire. In São Paulo, the basic grid, from 230 kV up, adds up to 19,100 km of lines and 91 substations, and covers the state far better than gas pipelines: 58% of the biomethane potential lies within 10 km of a transmission line, and only 1% over 50 km. The bottleneck is the substation, where power enters the grid: 65% of the potential lies over 25 km from one, measured from the municipality’s centre. Valparaíso, in the west, has 197,000 m³ of possible biomethane a day 2.6 km from a line, but 52 km from the nearest substation. On the previous plate, gas from the sugarcane north lay far from the pipe; here, the wire runs right over it. Fourth plate of the collection “Biogas on the ground”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: potential and distances to lines and substations (same GPKG as plate 055)
linhas_transmissao line 493 lines of 230 kV or more, 19,100 km inside SP
subestacoes point 185 basic-grid substations, 91 in SP

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
EPE — WebMap: existing transmission lines and substations, as published in the MapBiomas infrastructure database (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Straight-line distance from each municipality’s interior point to the nearest basic-grid transmission line and substation, in four bands, crossed with the biomethane potential (CP2B method v5.1, level N4, reference scenario).
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Biometano e rede elétrica: o fio chega mais perto do que o cano [Biomethane and the power grid: The wire reaches closer than the pipe] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/058-biometano-e-rede-eletrica-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_biometano_e_rede_eletrica_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Biometano e rede elétrica: O fio chega mais perto do que o cano},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/058-biometano-e-rede-eletrica-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Biomethane and the power grid: The wire reaches closer than the pipe. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 057 Energy · biomass Biogas on the ground 3/5

Biomethane and gas pipelines

Countryside gas lies far from the pipe

Map of São Paulo state with municipalities in greens by biomethane potential, darker in the north and centre. On top, transmission pipelines in plum, with delivery points, along an axis that enters from the west, crosses the centre to Campinas and continues to the capital, the coast and the Paraíba Valley, and distribution networks in ochre, dense around Campinas, Sorocaba and Greater São Paulo. The north, the greenest part, has no pipeline. A callout points to Guaíra, 150 km from the nearest pipeline, with the state’s largest potential: 333,000 m³ a day. In the panel, bars show the share of the potential within 10 km, 10 to 25, 25 to 50 and over 50 km from a pipeline. — Fig. 057 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), EPE, IBGE

Biomethane is renewable natural gas: to reach its users it needs a pipeline, or a lorry. In São Paulo, transmission pipelines add up to 1,892 km, along an axis that comes from Mato Grosso do Sul on the Gasbol, passes Campinas and runs down to the capital and the Paraíba Valley; the distribution networks of Comgás, Gás Brasiliano and Naturgy cluster around it. The potential does not. Measured from the centre of each municipality to the nearest pipeline, 55% of the state’s possible biomethane lies over 50 km from a pipe; only 18% lies within 10 km, in 156 municipalities home to 32 million people. Guaíra, the state’s largest potential at 333,000 m³ a day, is 150 km from the nearest pipeline; Morro Agudo, the second, 103 km. The sugarcane north is a gas field without a pipe. Third plate of the collection “Biogas on the ground”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: potential and distances to pipelines and delivery points (same GPKG as plate 055)
gasodutos_transporte line 13 existing transmission pipelines, 1,892 km inside SP
gasodutos_distribuicao line Distribution networks (Comgás, Gás Brasiliano, Naturgy and neighbours)
pontos_entrega point 62 existing delivery points, 39 in SP

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
EPE — WebMap: existing transmission and distribution gas pipelines and delivery points, as published in the MapBiomas infrastructure database (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Straight-line distance from each municipality’s interior point to the nearest existing transmission or distribution gas pipeline, in four bands, crossed with the biomethane potential (CP2B method v5.1, level N4, reference scenario).
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Biometano e gasodutos: o gás do campo fica longe do cano [Biomethane and gas pipelines: Countryside gas lies far from the pipe] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/057-biometano-e-gasodutos-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_biometano_e_gasodutos_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Biometano e gasodutos: O gás do campo fica longe do cano},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/057-biometano-e-gasodutos-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Biomethane and gas pipelines: Countryside gas lies far from the pipe. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 056 Energy · biomass Biogas on the ground 2/5

Beyond sugarcane

Without the cane, maize, poultry and the city appear

Map of São Paulo state with municipalities coloured by their largest biomethane source leaving out sugarcane: golden yellow for maize and soy straw, which dominates the south and south-west; dark blue for organic waste and pruning, covering Greater São Paulo, the coast and the Paraíba Valley and dotted across the west; clay red for poultry, in the centre and north; plum for cattle; brown for coffee, in the north-east; orange for orange bagasse, in the centre; pink for pigs; and light blue for sewage sludge, in Taubaté only. Callouts point to Bastos, with 73,000 m³ a day from poultry farms, and Itapeva, with 72,000 from maize and soy straw. In the panel, the legend gives how many municipalities each source leads and how much biomethane it adds up to in the state, and bars show the six municipalities with the most biomethane outside cane. — Fig. 056 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), IBGE

Sugarcane is the largest biomethane source in 370 of São Paulo’s municipalities and accounts for 82% of the state’s potential. The other 18%, 3.09 million m³ a day, draw a different map. With cane removed, maize and soy straw leads in 192 municipalities, scattered across the west and unbroken in the south and south-west, from Itapeva to Itapetininga; organic waste and tree pruning lead in 174, from Greater São Paulo to the Paraíba Valley and the interior’s mid-sized towns; poultry farms lead in 170, mostly in the centre and north of the state, from Bastos to Mococa. Dairy and feedlot cattle lead in 48 municipalities, coffee in 16, oranges in 13. The capital has the largest non-cane potential, 144,000 m³ a day, from waste and sewage; in the interior, the largest is Bastos, with 73,000, from its poultry farms. Second plate of the collection “Biogas on the ground”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: potential by non-cane source and largest source (same GPKG as plate 055)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Biomethane potential by municipality and residue (CP2B method v5.1, level N4, reference scenario), without the four sugarcane residues, summed into eight sources; each municipality gets its largest source.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Além da cana: sem a cana, aparecem o milho, a granja e a cidade [Beyond sugarcane: Without the cane, maize, poultry and the city appear] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/056-alem-da-cana-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_alem_da_cana_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Além da cana: Sem a cana, aparecem o milho, a granja e a cidade},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/056-alem-da-cana-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Beyond sugarcane: Without the cane, maize, poultry and the city appear. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 055 Energy · biomass Biogas on the ground 1/5

Biomethane per km² and per person

The gas is where the people are not

Plate with three municipal maps of São Paulo and a chart. The first shows biomethane per km² in greens, darker in the north and centre of the state. The second shows biomethane per inhabitant, from cream to dark brown: the interior is dark and Greater São Paulo, the coast and the Ribeira Valley are pale; a callout shows the capital at 0.013 m³ per inhabitant per day. The third shows municipalities in four shades of green by the quarter of the state’s potential they belong to: 25 municipalities in the first quarter, 43 in the second, 80 in the third and 470 in the last. The chart is the concentration curve of the potential, with points at 25, 68 and 148 municipalities. In the panel, bars show the six municipalities with the highest potential per km², led by Ariranha. — Fig. 055 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), IBGE

São Paulo’s residues could yield 16.9 million m³ of biomethane a day at the accessible level of the CP2B method. Divided by the population, that is 0.38 m³ per person per day. But the gas does not live where people live. Per km², the potential is densest in the sugarcane north: Ariranha reaches 1,326 m³ a day for each km². Per inhabitant, the leaders are small municipalities full of cane, such as Borá, with 41 m³ per person per day, while the capital, with the largest urban potential, stands at 0.013. The potential is also concentrated: 25 municipalities hold a quarter of the total, 68 hold half and 148 three quarters. Plate 050 shows how much each municipality has; this one shows how much that weighs on the ground and per person. First plate of the collection “Biogas on the ground”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: potential by group and source, per km² and per inhabitant, quarter of the potential, largest non-cane source and distances to infrastructure
gasodutos_transporte line 13 existing transmission gas pipelines in and around SP
gasodutos_distribuicao line Networks of 8 gas distributors in and around SP
pontos_entrega point 62 existing gas delivery points
linhas_transmissao line 493 basic-grid transmission lines (230 kV or more)
subestacoes point 185 basic-grid substations
plantas_biometano point 9 ANP biomethane plants, at the municipality
gd_biogas point ANEEL biogas distributed generation summed by municipality (24)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census: census tract aggregates (population) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (municipal area) (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Biomethane potential from 17 residues by municipality (CP2B method v5.1, level N4, reference scenario), divided by the 2025 Municipal Mesh area and the 2022 Census population; municipalities ranked by potential and grouped by the quarter of the state total they belong to.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Biometano por km² e por pessoa: o gás está onde a gente não está [Biomethane per km² and per person: The gas is where the people are not] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/055-densidade-do-biometano-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_densidade_do_biometano_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Biometano por km² e por pessoa: O gás está onde a gente não está},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/055-densidade-do-biometano-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Biomethane per km² and per person: The gas is where the people are not. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 054 Energy · biomass Sanitation and biomethane 4/4

Sewage, mains and biomethane

Sludge gas only exists where sewage reaches the plant

Plate with three municipal maps of São Paulo. The first shows the share of households off the sewage mains in 2022, from grey (zero) to dark brown (over 50%): the Ribeira Valley, the coast and the surroundings of the capital are dark; the north of the state is pale. The second shows biomethane from sewage sludge in m³ per day, in shades of teal, present in only 128 municipalities, with the capital adding up to 51%. The third shows four groups: dark blue for mains above 90% with sludge, light blue for mains above 90% without sludge, ochre for mains below 90% with sludge and clay red for mains below 90% without sludge, which covers the south and the west. In the panel, bars show the six municipalities with the most sludge biomethane and the population of each group. — Fig. 054 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, CP2B (Unicamp)

Sludge from sewage plants becomes biomethane, but only where sewage is collected and treated at a plant suited to digestion. Under the CP2B method, that gives São Paulo 121,000 m³ of biomethane a day, in only 128 of its 645 municipalities, and the capital accounts for 51%. Beside it, the 2022 Census: 349 municipalities still have fewer than 90% of households on the mains, the target of the sanitation legal framework for 2033. The crossing separates four groups. 77 municipalities, with 28.2 million people, already pass the target and have sludge; 297, with 4.36 million, are below the target and have no sludge at all, and add up to 437,000 households off the mains. Bringing the mains to those places is the condition for their sewage to count towards the gas. Last plate of the collection “Sanitation and biomethane”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: people, households, sewage off the mains, uncollected rubbish, biomethane from sludge and rubbish, and crossing group
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — SIDRA, table 6805: households by type of sewage disposal (2022 Census) (2022)
IBGE — SIDRA, table 6892: households by rubbish destination (2022 Census) (2022)
CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Share of households off the sewage mains (SIDRA 6805) and biomethane from sewage sludge under the CP2B v5.1 method, level N4 (accessible), reference scenario, by municipality; municipalities are crossed by the 90% mains target and by whether the potential includes sludge.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Esgoto, rede e biometano: o gás do lodo só existe onde o esgoto chega à estação [Sewage, mains and biomethane: Sludge gas only exists where sewage reaches the plant] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/054-saneamento-e-biometano-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_saneamento_e_biometano_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Esgoto, rede e biometano: O gás do lodo só existe onde o esgoto chega à estação},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/054-saneamento-e-biometano-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Sewage, mains and biomethane: Sludge gas only exists where sewage reaches the plant. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 049 Energy · biomass From field to biomethane 5/5

Waste and sewage

The city is a gas crop too

Map of São Paulo state with municipalities coloured by the biomethane that waste, sewage and prunings could give per day, in six teal classes, from the lightest (up to 37 m³) to the darkest (1,100 to 143,796 m³). Dark tones dominate Greater São Paulo and the Campinas–Sorocaba axis and also appear in the mid-sized towns of the interior; the Ribeira valley and the upper Paraíba valley are grey, with zero. Over the map, 873 sewage treatment plants: small dots in blue (ponds), dark grey (activated sludge) and light grey (other processes), and 87 larger clay-coloured dots with anaerobic reactors, densest between Campinas, Piracicaba and São Paulo. A callout points to São Paulo: 144,000 m³ a day, 23% of the state’s urban biomethane. — Fig. 049 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), ANA, IBGE

The organic waste, sewage sludge and prunings of São Paulo’s towns and cities could give 621,000 m³ of biomethane a day under the CP2B method: 434,000 from waste, 121,000 from sludge and 66,000 from prunings. That is little next to the countryside, under 4% of the state total, but it lies where almost everyone lives. The city of São Paulo accounts for 23% and its region for 39%. Half the methane the waste could generate is already captured at landfills, and the method deducts that share. The map also shows the 873 sewage treatment plants registered by ANA, serving 608 municipalities. Most treat sewage in ponds (552); 87 use anaerobic reactors, which produce biogas during treatment. Fifth plate of the collection “From field to biomethane”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

etes point 873 sewage treatment plants: name, status, process, family, BOD removal and municipalities served
municipios polygon 645 municipalities: biomethane from waste, sludge and prunings (m³/day) and waste methane already used at landfills
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
ANA — Sewage treatment plants (2019 database) (2019)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Biomethane potential of organic waste, sewage sludge and urban prunings at the accessible level of the CP2B method, by municipality, in six quantile classes; ANA sewage treatment plants, one per code, coloured by process family.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23539847

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Lixo e esgoto: a cidade também é lavoura de gás [Waste and sewage: The city is a gas crop too] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539847

@dataset{cerejo2026_lixo_e_esgoto_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Lixo e esgoto: A cidade também é lavoura de gás},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23539847},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539847},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Waste and sewage: The city is a gas crop too. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 044 Energy · biomass Electricity in Brazil 3/3

Distributed solar generation

The sun that lives on the rooftops

There are 4.67 million photovoltaic systems in 5,567 municipalities: panels on the roofs of homes, shops and smallholdings, and small plants of up to 5 MW that cut their owners’ electricity bills. They add up to 53.8 GW, 265 W per inhabitant, 52% of it in homes. Rooftop sun is strongest in the Centre-West and western Paraná: Mato Grosso has 872 W per inhabitant, and Foz do Iguaçu, with 1,408 W, leads among towns of more than 100,000 people. São Paulo has the largest capacity, 7.6 GW, but only 170 W per inhabitant; Taboão da Serra stands at 11 W. At the other extreme, the 20.6 MW of Santa Clara d’Oeste give 7,939 W to each of its 2,598 residents. Last plate of the collection “Electricity in Brazil”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 5,571 municipalities: population, number of solar systems, total capacity, by size, residential and remote self-consumption (kW), units receiving credit, watts per inhabitant and class
ufs polygon 27 states
limite_nacional polygon National boundary

Metadata

Sources: ANEEL — List of distributed generation units (open data, reference 10/2026) (2026)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census, municipal aggregates (population) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Natural Earth — neighbouring countries (via world-atlas)
Extent: Brazil
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · pandas · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Capacity of photovoltaic micro- and mini-generation systems summed by municipality, divided by the 2022 Census population and grouped into seven classes of watts per inhabitant.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23539656

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Geração solar distribuída: o sol que mora nos telhados [Distributed solar generation: The sun that lives on the rooftops] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539656

@dataset{cerejo2026_geracao_solar_distribuida_brasil,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Geração solar distribuída: O sol que mora nos telhados},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23539656},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539656},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Distributed solar generation: The sun that lives on the rooftops. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 043 Energy · biomass Electricity in Brazil 2/3

Power plants by source

Water, wind, sun and fire

Map of Brazil in Albers conic projection, with thousands of circles sized by capacity and coloured by source: deep blue for large hydro, light blue for small hydro, forest green for wind, ochre for solar, olive for biomass, graphite for fossil thermal and plum for nuclear. The largest blue circles are in Pará, Rondônia, Paraná and on the São Francisco river; wind farms form a green necklace along the coast and inland in the North-East; biomass clusters in São Paulo. Two patches of tiny ochre dots appear in Pará and in the Pantanal. Arrowed callouts point to Belo Monte, 11,233 MW, and the 1,622 solar points of the Pantanal. In the panel, a ribbon shows the operating mix, split by each source’s capacity. — Fig. 043 Brazil EPSG:4674 Source: ANEEL, IBGE, Natural Earth

Belo Monte, on the Xingu, has 11,233 MW of licensed capacity: it is the largest of the 16,118 power plants registered with ANEEL, operating or under construction. Water still dominates: large and small hydro add up to 58.8% of the 184 GW in operation. In the smaller circles, the map tells other stories. The wind lines up 89% of the 993 wind farms in the North-East; sugarcane bagasse fires 427 of the 627 biomass power stations, 237 of them in São Paulo; and Angra 3 is still being built beside the other two. Of the 11,391 solar plants, 10,941 are under 5 kW: individual systems registered one by one by the distribution companies, nearly all in Pará and in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul. Second plate of the collection “Electricity in Brazil”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

usinas point 16,118 power plants: source, fuel, phase, licensed and inspected capacity (kW), start of operations, owner and state
ufs polygon 27 states
limite_nacional polygon National boundary

Metadata

Sources: ANEEL — Generation Information System (SIGA), as published in the MapBiomas infrastructure database (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (state and national boundaries) (2025)
Natural Earth — neighbouring countries (via world-atlas)
Extent: Brazil
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: SIGA power plants operating and under construction, grouped into seven sources, with circles whose area is proportional to licensed capacity.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23539628

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Usinas por fonte: água, vento, sol e fogo [Power plants by source: Water, wind, sun and fire] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539628

@dataset{cerejo2026_usinas_por_fonte_brasil,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Usinas por fonte: Água, vento, sol e fogo},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23539628},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539628},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Power plants by source: Water, wind, sun and fire. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 042 Energy · biomass Electricity in Brazil 1/3

Transmission lines

The wires that stitch the country together

From the Xingu to Rio de Janeiro, an 800 kV direct-current line runs 2,552 km to carry Belo Monte’s power to the South-East: it is the longest of the 1,712 existing transmission lines mapped by EPE. Adding up circuits, they come to 170.2 thousand km of lines and 780 substations. Lines of 500 to 765 kV make up most of the length, 68.0 thousand km; the eleven direct-current lines, 19.5 thousand km, bring the power of Itaipu, the Madeira plants and Belo Monte to the South-East. On the map, the grid thickens in the South-East, the South and along the north-eastern coast, and reaches the Amazon through a handful of wires. First plate of the collection “Electricity in Brazil”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

linhas_transmissao line 1,712 lines: voltage, length, year in service, concession holder and voltage class
subestacoes point 780 substations: voltages, year in service, concession holder and state
ufs polygon 27 states
limite_nacional polygon National boundary

Metadata

Sources: EPE — WebMap: existing transmission lines and substations, as published in the MapBiomas infrastructure database (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (state and national boundaries) (2025)
Natural Earth — neighbouring countries (via world-atlas)
Extent: Brazil
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: EPE’s existing transmission lines and substations, grouped into four voltage classes; length as declared by EPE and checked against the geodesic measurement.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23539594

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Linhas de transmissão: os fios que costuram o país [Transmission lines: The wires that stitch the country together] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539594

@dataset{cerejo2026_transmissao_brasil,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Linhas de transmissão: Os fios que costuram o país},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23539594},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539594},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Transmission lines: The wires that stitch the country together. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 031 Energy · biomass Bioenergy in São Paulo 4/4

Mills and cane

The harvest that lights the grid

Map of São Paulo state with municipalities coloured by cane production in 2024, on a light ramp from cream to olive green, and clay-coloured circles, proportional to capacity, marking 211 sugarcane-bagasse power stations; the five being built are hollow. The circles cover the north, centre and west of the state, where cane is densest, and thin out in the east, the Ribeira valley and Greater São Paulo. An arrowed callout picks out the largest station, Barra Bioenergia (136 MW). — Fig. 031 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: ANEEL, IBGE, EPE

After crushing, sugarcane bagasse goes into the boiler, and the steam makes the mill’s own electricity plus a surplus for the grid. In São Paulo, 211 bagasse power stations are registered with ANEEL, 206 of them in operation, with 6.18 GW of licensed capacity; the largest, Barra Bioenergia in Barra Bonita, has 136 MW. Over the map of cane harvested in 2024, the circles show that the energy is born where the crop is: the 140 municipalities with at least one such station accounted for 48.8% of the cane harvested in the state. There, between cane field and substation, waste becomes grid. Final plate of the collection “Bioenergy in São Paulo”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

ute_bagaco point 211 sugarcane-bagasse power stations: phase, capacity (kW), start of operations
usinas_epe_2018 point 161 sugar-energy mills from the EPE WebMap 2018: type, crushing class, ethanol capacity
municipios polygon 645 municipalities: cane production (t), number and capacity of power stations
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: ANEEL — Generation Information System (SIGA), as published in the MapBiomas infrastructure database (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Agricultural Production (PAM), table 1612 (2024)
EPE — WebMap: ethanol and sugar mills (extra GPKG layer) (2018)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: SIGA bagasse power stations, by licensed capacity, over PAM 2024 cane production by municipality, in six quantile classes.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23538990

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Usinas e cana: a colheita que acende a rede [Mills and cane: The harvest that lights the grid] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23538990

@dataset{cerejo2026_usinas_e_cana_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Usinas e cana: A colheita que acende a rede},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23538990},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23538990},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Mills and cane: The harvest that lights the grid. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 029 Energy · biomass Bioenergy in São Paulo 2/4

Livestock

Three herds, three geographies

Four panels of São Paulo state. Three maps show the municipalities coloured by the density of cattle, pigs and poultry (head per km², six classes of the plasma palette, from yellow to dark blue), with the three largest herds of each kind named; municipalities without data are hatched, nearly all of them in Greater São Paulo and on the Santos coast. The fourth panel holds the locator map, the leaf-shaped north arrow and notes on how to read the maps. — Fig. 029 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

In 2024, São Paulo state held 10.8 million cattle, 1.5 million pigs and 205 million poultry. Side by side, the three herds occupy the state in different ways: cattle spread across the west, led by Presidente Bernardes (151,407 head) and Mirante do Paranapanema (138,268); pigs gather in a few hubs, such as Itu and Cerqueira César, each with over 100,000 head; and poultry cluster in farms, with Bastos alone holding 13.7 million birds. For anyone thinking about biogas, density matters more than the total: many animals on little land also concentrate the manure. Second plate of the collection “Bioenergy in São Paulo”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: herd size and density (head/km²) of cattle, pigs and poultry
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Livestock Survey (PPM), table 3939: herd size (2024)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Cattle, pig and poultry numbers from PPM 2024 joined to the Municipal Mesh by IBGE code and divided by municipal area; six quantile classes.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23506048

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Rebanhos: três rebanhos, três geografias [Livestock: Three herds, three geographies] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23506048

@dataset{cerejo2026_rebanhos_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Rebanhos: Três rebanhos, três geografias},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23506048},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23506048},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Livestock: Three herds, three geographies. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 028 Energy · biomass Bioenergy in São Paulo 1/4

Biogas plants

Where rubbish and manure become light

On top of a landfill in Caieiras, in Greater São Paulo, the gas rising from the rubbish drives the state’s largest biogas power station: 29.5 MW of licensed capacity. It is one of 13 biogas power stations registered with ANEEL in São Paulo, which together add up to 108.2 MW. MapBiomas maps other ways of using the same gas: 51 plants across the state, 44 of them in operation, burning manure from farms, industrial effluent and what comes out of landfills and sewage works to make electricity, heat or biomethane. On the map they gather around the capital and along the agro-industrial hubs of the interior. First plate of the collection “Bioenergy in São Paulo”, which follows waste all the way to energy.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

usinas_biogas point 51 biogas plants: category, main use, status, scale and start of operations
ute_biogas point 13 biogas power stations registered with ANEEL, with capacity (kW)
municipios polygon 645 municipalities, with the number of plants and biogas capacity
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: MapBiomas — infrastructure database: biogas plants
ANEEL — Generation Information System (SIGA), as published in the MapBiomas infrastructure database (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: MapBiomas biogas plants and SIGA biogas power stations clipped to São Paulo state and assigned to municipalities by spatial join.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23482137

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Usinas de biogás: onde o lixo e o esterco viram luz [Biogas plants: Where rubbish and manure become light] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23482137

@dataset{cerejo2026_usinas_de_biogas_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Usinas de biogás: Onde o lixo e o esterco viram luz},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23482137},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23482137},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Biogas plants: Where rubbish and manure become light. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}