Usinas e cana: A colheita que acende a rede

Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura

doi:10.5281/zenodo.23538990

No. 031 Energy · biomass Bioenergy in São Paulo 4/4

Mills and cane

The harvest that lights the grid

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Map of São Paulo state with municipalities coloured by cane production in 2024, on a light ramp from cream to olive green, and clay-coloured circles, proportional to capacity, marking 211 sugarcane-bagasse power stations; the five being built are hollow. The circles cover the north, centre and west of the state, where cane is densest, and thin out in the east, the Ribeira valley and Greater São Paulo. An arrowed callout picks out the largest station, Barra Bioenergia (136 MW). — Fig. 031 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: ANEEL, IBGE, EPE

After crushing, sugarcane bagasse goes into the boiler, and the steam makes the mill’s own electricity plus a surplus for the grid. In São Paulo, 211 bagasse power stations are registered with ANEEL, 206 of them in operation, with 6.18 GW of licensed capacity; the largest, Barra Bioenergia in Barra Bonita, has 136 MW. Over the map of cane harvested in 2024, the circles show that the energy is born where the crop is: the 140 municipalities with at least one such station accounted for 48.8% of the cane harvested in the state. There, between cane field and substation, waste becomes grid. Final plate of the collection “Bioenergy in São Paulo”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

ute_bagaco point 211 sugarcane-bagasse power stations: phase, capacity (kW), start of operations
usinas_epe_2018 point 161 sugar-energy mills from the EPE WebMap 2018: type, crushing class, ethanol capacity
municipios polygon 645 municipalities: cane production (t), number and capacity of power stations
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: ANEEL — Generation Information System (SIGA), as published in the MapBiomas infrastructure database (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Agricultural Production (PAM), table 1612 (2024)
EPE — WebMap: ethanol and sugar mills (extra GPKG layer) (2018)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: SIGA bagasse power stations, by licensed capacity, over PAM 2024 cane production by municipality, in six quantile classes.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23538990

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Usinas e cana: a colheita que acende a rede [Mills and cane: The harvest that lights the grid] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23538990

@dataset{cerejo2026_usinas_e_cana_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Usinas e cana: A colheita que acende a rede},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23538990},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23538990},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Mills and cane: The harvest that lights the grid. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

How to read this plate area, projection, scale, legend and source · 3 terms

1 Area: São Paulo state (SP) The area the plate covers. Outside it, neighbours and sea are drawn in grey, just for orientation.
2 Coordinates and projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674) The layers are in SIRGAS 2000; the drawing’s projection is written in the colophon at the foot of the panel.
3 Scale: Graphic scale bar in the panel The scale bar is true on the central meridian; away from it, measured distances vary a little.
4 Legend and layers: 5 layers in the GeoPackage · point, polygon Read the legend before the map: it tells you whether a colour is a rate or a class, and whether a circle is a total.
5 Sources: ANEEL (2022); IBGE (2024); EPE (2018); IBGE (2025) Every figure comes from a public source, with its year. The data sheet gives each one’s address.

Terms on this plate

Harvest year: Cane years are not calendar years: in the Centre-South the harvest runs from April to March; in the Northeast, from September to August. That is why the two regions crush in opposite months.
Bagasse: The fibre left after crushing. Burnt in the boilers, it makes the mill’s own steam and electricity; the surplus goes to the grid.
ANEEL: Brazil’s National Electricity Agency: it registers every power plant and distributed-generation system, with source, capacity and municipality.

Anatomy of a plate Full glossary

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Layers, table and figures, under CC BY 4.0. Cite with the DOI.

Full record and citation

Method notes · No. 031

Mills and cane — bagasse power stations over cane production in São Paulo

Português · English

Plate No. 031, the last of four in the collection Bioenergy in São Paulo: after biogas, livestock and cane, where cane-field waste becomes electricity.

What the files contain

Layer (GPKG)	Geometry	Contents
`ute_bagaco`	point	211 SIGA bagasse power stations: `nome`, `ceg`, `fase`, `potencia_kw` (licensed), `potencia_fiscalizada_kw`, `inicio_operacao`, `proprietario`, municipality
`usinas_epe_2018`	point	161 mills from the EPE WebMap: `tipo`, `situacao`, `classe_moagem_t_safra`, `etanol_anidro_m3_dia`, `etanol_hidratado_m3_dia`, `inicio`, municipality
`municipios`	polygon	645 municipalities: `producao_t` (cane, PAM 2024), `ute_bagaco_n` and `ute_bagaco_kw`
`regioes_intermediarias`	polygon	11 intermediate geographic regions
`limite_estadual`	polygon	outline of the state

The GPKG is zipped and attached to the bioenergia-sp-2026 release. Its QGIS styles match the plate: municipalities on the light production ramp, power stations as circles proportional to capacity (hollow while being built). The EPE layer comes with small crosses, so you can check which sugar-energy mills have no registered power station.

The CSV lists the 211 power stations, with longitude and latitude in decimal degrees, in UTF-8.

Method

SIGA (ANEEL) power stations fuelled by Bagaço de Cana de Açúcar in São Paulo, in the version published by MapBiomas; licensed capacity in kW.
Sugarcane production by municipality from PAM table 1612 (2024), joined to IBGE’s 2025 Municipal Mesh by the seven-digit code; six quantile classes of producing municipalities, limits rounded to two significant figures.
Each power station receives the municipality it falls in, by spatial join. The share of cane in municipalities with a station is the sum of those municipalities’ production divided by the state total.
Sugar-energy mills from the EPE WebMap (2018), also via MapBiomas, clipped to São Paulo.

Limitations

Licensed capacity is what is authorised, not what is generated; this ANEEL database does not say how much each station exports to the grid.
Cane ignores municipal boundaries: a mill crushes cane from several neighbouring municipalities, and the 48.8% share does not say where each mill’s cane comes from.
This SIGA version runs to June 2022; the EPE layer is from 2018. They share no identifier.
Nothing here estimates available bagasse: that would need coefficients that are not in the tables.

View this map’s folder on GitHub