Maps — Essencial

No. 115 Energy · biomass Bioenergy, crossed 5/5

Small, gas-rich and on their own

48 towns of under 20,000 people hold 21% of the biomethane potential and lie far from the pipeline

Map of São Paulo with the 48 small, biomethane-rich municipalities far from the pipeline in three colours by how they run waste services: ochre for those running them alone, light lilac for another regional arrangement and purple for a public consortium. The other 114 municipalities in the top quarter of potential are light grey, and the rest white. A thick black line marks the transmission pipeline, crossing the state from west to east, and thin grey lines the distribution network, concentrated in the east. Ochre dominates the north and north-west. Callouts point to Ariranha, Tarumã and Maracaí. In the panel, the legend and a MUNIC 2023 table comparing the group with the state. — Fig. 115 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), IBGE, EPE, SEMIL/SP, Municipal Energy Yearbook 2025 (base year 2024): sales of hydrous ethanol, petrol C, diesel oil and piped natural gas by municipality

48 São Paulo municipalities combine three things: biomethane potential in the state’s top quarter, fewer than 20,000 people and over 50 km from the transmission pipeline. Together they hold 21% of the state’s accessible potential, 3.53 million m³ a day, for 487 thousand people, mostly from cane. According to MUNIC 2023, 34 of them run solid-waste services on their own, 9 have another regional arrangement and 5 are in a public consortium; none uses piped gas. Going it alone is as common in the group as statewide: this is a descriptive portrait, with no test. Ariranha, with 7,602 people, has the group’s largest potential, 176 thousand m³/day. Fifth plate of the collection “Bioenergy, crossed”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities with the variables of all five plates, the bivariate classes and the LISA clusters (same GPKG as plates 111 to 115)
gasodutos line Gas transmission pipelines and distribution network (EPE)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1, level N4, reference scenario (2026)
IBGE — Survey of Basic Municipal Information (MUNIC) 2023, sanitation supplement: solid waste management (2023)
EPE — WebMap: existing transmission and distribution gas pipelines, as published in the MapBiomas infrastructure database (2022)
SEMIL/SP, Municipal Energy Yearbook 2025 (base year 2024): sales of hydrous ethanol, petrol C, diesel oil and piped natural gas by municipality (2025)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census (population, urbanisation and income by municipality) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Municipalities with CP2B biomethane potential (v5.1, N4, reference scenario) in the state’s top quarter (30,798 m³/day or more), fewer than 20,000 people (2022 Census) and over 50 km in a straight line from the transmission pipeline (EPE), classified by how they run solid-waste management as declared in MUNIC 2023; no statistical test.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Pequenos, cheios de gás e sozinhos: 48 municípios de menos de 20 mil habitantes têm 21 % do potencial de biometano e ficam longe do gasoduto [Small, gas-rich and on their own: 48 towns of under 20,000 people hold 21% of the biomethane potential and lie far from the pipeline] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/115-pequenos-longe-do-gas-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_pequenos_longe_do_gas_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Pequenos, cheios de gás e sozinhos: 48 municípios de menos de 20 mil habitantes têm 21 % do potencial de biometano e ficam longe do gasoduto},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/115-pequenos-longe-do-gas-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Small, gas-rich and on their own: 48 towns of under 20,000 people hold 21% of the biomethane potential and lie far from the pipeline. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 114 Energy · biomass Bioenergy, crossed 4/5

Manure far from who spreads it

Where there are more cattle per km², fewer farms use organic fertiliser

Bivariate map of São Paulo’s municipalities in nine colours, crossing thirds of cattle per km² (light to ochre) with thirds of the share of holdings using organic fertiliser (light to lilac). The ochre of many cattle and little fertiliser covers the west and north-west, from the Pontal to São José do Rio Preto; the lilac of few cattle and much fertiliser, the capital’s surroundings, the Ribeira Valley and the Upper Tietê; the brown of much of both, the Paraíba Valley. The 28 municipalities without data, nearly all in Greater São Paulo and on the coast, are hatched. Callouts point to Ferraz de Vasconcelos, with 81% of holdings using organic fertiliser, and Presidente Bernardes, with 202 cattle per km² and 16%. In the panel, the 3 × 3 grid and the table of correlations. — Fig. 114 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

Where there are more cattle per km², fewer farm holdings use organic fertiliser. Across the 617 São Paulo municipalities with data, the rank correlation between the 2024 cattle herd and the share of holdings that applied organic fertiliser in the 2017 Agricultural Census is −0.41, and −0.32 net of urbanisation, density and income. In the quarter of municipalities with fewest cattle, the median is 32%; in the quarter with most, 18%. Grazing cattle leave their manure on pasture, and organic fertiliser includes compost from market gardens near towns: Ferraz de Vasconcelos, with 2.2 cattle per km², has 81%; Presidente Bernardes, with 202, 16%. Fourth plate of the collection “Bioenergy, crossed”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities with the variables of all five plates, the bivariate classes and the LISA clusters (same GPKG as plates 111 to 115)
gasodutos line Gas transmission pipelines and distribution network (EPE)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Livestock Survey (PPM) 2024, table 3939: herd size (2024)
IBGE — 2017 Agricultural Census, SIDRA table 6847 (holdings by use of fertiliser) (2017)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census (population, urbanisation and income by municipality) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Cattle per km² (IBGE, PPM 2024) and share of farm holdings that applied organic fertiliser, alone or with chemical (IBGE, 2017 Agricultural Census), each in thirds of municipalities, crossed in a 3 × 3 bivariate map; Spearman rank correlations, raw and partial, and bivariate LISA.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O esterco longe de quem aduba: onde há mais boi por km², menos estabelecimentos usam adubo orgânico [Manure far from who spreads it: Where there are more cattle per km², fewer farms use organic fertiliser] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/114-esterco-longe-de-quem-aduba-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_esterco_longe_de_quem_aduba_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O esterco longe de quem aduba: Onde há mais boi por km², menos estabelecimentos usam adubo orgânico},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/114-esterco-longe-de-quem-aduba-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Manure far from who spreads it: Where there are more cattle per km², fewer farms use organic fertiliser. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 113 Energy · biomass Bioenergy, crossed 3/5

Eucalyptus against the forest

Where more native vegetation remains, more wood goes to paper and pulp

Bivariate map of São Paulo in nine colours, crossing thirds of native vegetation (light to ochre) with three steps of pulpwood per km² (none, below and above the producers’ median, light to lilac); where both are high, dark brown. The 279 municipalities outside PEVS 2024 are hatched, with no data. Brown gathers in the south-west, around Capão Bonito, in the centre-west, near Agudos, and in the Paraíba Valley. Callouts point to Capão Bonito, with 39% native cover and 1.70 million m³, and Agudos, with 21% and 845 thousand m³. In the panel, the 3 × 3 grid and the table of correlations. — Fig. 113 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, MapBiomas

In São Paulo municipalities that harvest plantation wood for paper and pulp, the more native vegetation remains, the more wood comes out per km². Across the 366 municipalities in PEVS 2024, the rank correlation is 0.42, and 0.47 net of urbanisation, density and income. The median producer has 18.7% of its area under native vegetation; surveyed municipalities that do not produce, 9.8%. The 127 producers harvested 24.8 million m³, mostly in the south-west, around Sorocaba, and the centre-west, around Bauru. Capão Bonito combines 39% native cover with 1.70 million m³. Relief and soils that keep cane away may lie behind both. Third plate of the collection “Bioenergy, crossed”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities with the variables of all five plates, the bivariate classes and the LISA clusters (same GPKG as plates 111 to 115)
gasodutos line Gas transmission pipelines and distribution network (EPE)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Forestry and Plant Extraction Survey (PEVS) 2024, SIDRA table 291 (roundwood for paper and pulp) (2024)
MapBiomas — Land cover and land use Collection 10 (2024) (2024)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census (population, urbanisation and income by municipality) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Share of municipal area under native vegetation (MapBiomas, collection 10, 2024), in thirds, crossed with plantation roundwood for paper and pulp per km² (IBGE, PEVS 2024): none, below and above the producers’ median; 3 × 3 bivariate map only in PEVS municipalities; Spearman rank correlations, raw and partial, and bivariate LISA.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Eucalipto encostado na mata: onde sobra mais vegetação nativa, mais madeira sai para o papel e a celulose [Eucalyptus against the forest: Where more native vegetation remains, more wood goes to paper and pulp] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/113-eucalipto-encostado-na-mata-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_eucalipto_encostado_na_mata_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Eucalipto encostado na mata: Onde sobra mais vegetação nativa, mais madeira sai para o papel e a celulose},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/113-eucalipto-encostado-na-mata-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Eucalyptus against the forest: Where more native vegetation remains, more wood goes to paper and pulp. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 112 Energy · biomass Bioenergy, crossed 2/5

The diesel biomethane could cover

In 300 municipalities, biomethane potential exceeds, in energy, the diesel sold at the pumps

Choropleth map of São Paulo’s 645 municipalities in six classes of the ratio between biomethane potential and diesel sold, in energy: three shades of ochre below 0.5, beige from 0.5 to 1 and two shades of green for 1 or more. Green covers most of the interior; ochre, Greater São Paulo, the Paraíba Valley, the coast and highway towns; two municipalities with no diesel sales in the Yearbook are hatched. Callouts point to Sertãozinho, at 1.35, Presidente Prudente, at 0.20, and São Paulo, at 0.03. In the panel, the legend with the number of municipalities per class and bars with each intermediate region’s ratio. — Fig. 112 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), SEMIL/SP, Municipal Energy Yearbook 2025 (base year 2024): sales of hydrous ethanol, petrol C, diesel oil and piped natural gas by municipality, SENATRAN, IBGE

If all of São Paulo’s accessible biomethane potential became fuel, 6.16 billion m³ a year, it would cover in energy 44% of the 13.6 billion litres of diesel sold in the state in 2024; outside the São Paulo intermediate region, 61%. In 300 of the 643 municipalities the potential exceeds the diesel sold, and in the median municipality it reaches 80%. Sertãozinho would cover its own diesel with a third to spare; the whole Presidente Prudente region reaches 125%; the capital, 3%. It is an energy sum, not a plan: CP2B is a model, and diesel sales are not consumption. Second plate of the collection “Bioenergy, crossed”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities with the variables of all five plates, the bivariate classes and the LISA clusters (same GPKG as plates 111 to 115)
gasodutos line Gas transmission pipelines and distribution network (EPE)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1, level N4, reference scenario (2026)
SEMIL/SP, Municipal Energy Yearbook 2025 (base year 2024): sales of hydrous ethanol, petrol C, diesel oil and piped natural gas by municipality (2025)
SENATRAN — vehicle fleet by municipality, December 2025 (IBGE Cidades) (2025)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: CP2B biomethane potential (v5.1, level N4, reference scenario) in m³ a year, converted into energy-equivalent litres of diesel (1 m³ ≈ 0.98 L), over the diesel oil sold in the municipality (SEMIL/SP, base year 2024); six classes of the ratio; sums by intermediate region.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O diesel que o biometano cobriria: em 300 municípios, o potencial de biometano passa, em energia, do diesel que os postos vendem [The diesel biomethane could cover: In 300 municipalities, biomethane potential exceeds, in energy, the diesel sold at the pumps] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/112-diesel-que-o-biometano-cobriria-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_diesel_que_o_biometano_cobriria_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O diesel que o biometano cobriria: Em 300 municípios, o potencial de biometano passa, em energia, do diesel que os postos vendem},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/112-diesel-que-o-biometano-cobriria-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The diesel biomethane could cover: In 300 municipalities, biomethane potential exceeds, in energy, the diesel sold at the pumps. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 111 Energy · biomass Bioenergy, crossed 1/5

Cane in the tank

Where there is more cane, ethanol weighs more in what filling stations sell

Bivariate map of São Paulo’s 643 municipalities in nine colours, crossing thirds of area under cane (light to ochre) with thirds of ethanol’s share of Otto-cycle sales (light to lilac); where both are high, dark brown. Brown dominates the cane belt in the centre and north-west; light grey, little cane and little ethanol, covers Greater São Paulo, the Paraíba Valley and the Ribeira Valley. Two municipalities with no fuel sales in the Yearbook are hatched. Callouts point to Ibaté, with 69% ethanol, São Luiz do Paraitinga, with 16%, and São Paulo, with 39%. In the panel, the 3 × 3 grid with the number of municipalities in each cell and the table of correlations. — Fig. 111 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: SEMIL/SP, Municipal Energy Yearbook 2025 (base year 2024): sales of hydrous ethanol, petrol C, diesel oil and piped natural gas by municipality, MapBiomas, IBGE

In São Paulo municipalities with more cane, ethanol weighs more in the fuel sold for petrol and flex-fuel engines. In energy, hydrous ethanol was 43% of Otto-cycle sales statewide in 2024; in the third of municipalities with least cane, 38%; in the third with most, 52%. The rank correlation is 0.70 and stays at 0.59 net of urbanisation, density and income. In Ibaté, with cane on 51% of its area, ethanol reaches 69%; in São Luiz do Paraitinga, with no cane, it is 16%. Sales are not consumption, and prices, the fleet and distance from mills may lie behind it. First plate of the collection “Bioenergy, crossed”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities with the variables of all five plates, the bivariate classes and the LISA clusters (same GPKG as plates 111 to 115)
gasodutos line Gas transmission pipelines and distribution network (EPE)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: SEMIL/SP, Municipal Energy Yearbook 2025 (base year 2024): sales of hydrous ethanol, petrol C, diesel oil and piped natural gas by municipality (2025)
MapBiomas — Land cover and land use Collection 10 (2024) (2024)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census (population, urbanisation and income by municipality) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Share of municipal area under sugar cane (MapBiomas, collection 10, 2024) and hydrous ethanol’s share of the energy sold in the Otto cycle (ethanol and petrol C, SEMIL/SP, base year 2024), each in thirds of municipalities, crossed in a 3 × 3 bivariate map; Spearman rank correlations, raw and partial, and bivariate LISA.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Cana no tanque: onde há mais canavial, o etanol pesa mais no que os postos vendem [Cane in the tank: Where there is more cane, ethanol weighs more in what filling stations sell] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/111-cana-no-tanque-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_cana_no_tanque_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Cana no tanque: Onde há mais canavial, o etanol pesa mais no que os postos vendem},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/111-cana-no-tanque-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Cane in the tank: Where there is more cane, ethanol weighs more in what filling stations sell. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 092 Energy · biomass Biogenic carbon 4/4

What CO₂ could become

With green hydrogen, the cane would yield almost twice the gas the state uses

Map of São Paulo with the eleven intermediate regions in five shades of grey-blue by the possible e-methane from biogenic CO₂, darkest in the north, in Ribeirão Preto and São José do Rio Preto, and almost white in São Paulo and São José dos Campos. On top, transmission pipelines in plum, along an axis from the west to Campinas and on to the capital and the Paraíba Valley, distribution networks in ochre, and brick-red circles in municipalities with over 100 kt of vat CO₂ a harvest, almost all in the north, far from the pipelines. A callout points to Guaíra, 150 km from the nearest pipeline. In the panel, the sum per tonne of CO₂ and bars of possible e-methane by region, split between vats and biogas. — Fig. 092 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: ANP, CP2B (Unicamp), IRENA (2020), SEMIL (SP), EPE, IBGE

With hydrogen, biogenic CO₂ can become fuel. One tonne of CO₂ plus 183 kg of H₂ gives 365 kg of methane, about 509 m³; with 137 kg of H₂, it gives 728 kg of methanol. Adding the vat CO₂ of the 2025/26 harvest (8.9 million t) to what upgrading the possible biogas would separate (9.1 million), São Paulo would have 18 million t a year: enough for 25 million m³ of e-methane a day, almost twice the natural gas the state used in 2024, or for 13 million t of methanol. But the sum calls for 3.3 million t of green hydrogen and 182 TWh of electricity, 1.2 times the state’s use. The Ribeirão Preto region holds 26% of the total, and 60% of the vat CO₂ lies over 50 km from a gas pipeline. It is a theoretical calculation and an estimate. Last plate of the collection “Biogenic carbon”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

regioes_carbono polygon 11 intermediate regions: biogenic CO₂, H₂, electricity, possible e-methane and e-methanol, and the largest source
usinas_etanol point 145 ethanol mills, with estimated CO₂ (plate 089)
gasodutos_transporte line Existing transmission pipelines (same database as plate 057)
gasodutos_distribuicao line Piped gas distribution networks

Metadata

Sources: ANP — Ethanol Producers Dynamic Panel (output and capacity by mill) (2026)
CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (level N4, reference scenario) (2026)
IRENA (2020) — Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction: Scaling up Electrolysers to Meet the 1.5 °C Climate Goal (electrolysis power use) (2020)
SEMIL (SP) — Energy Yearbook by Municipality of São Paulo State 2025, base year 2024 (natural gas and electricity use) (2025)
EPE — WebMap: existing transmission and distribution gas pipelines, as published in the MapBiomas infrastructure database (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 and intermediate geographic regions (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Biogenic CO₂ by intermediate region (vats in the 2025/26 harvest, plate 089, plus upgrading of the possible biogas, plate 090), converted into e-methane (CO₂ + 4 H₂ → CH₄ + 2 H₂O) and e-methanol (CO₂ + 3 H₂ → CH₃OH + H₂O) at full conversion, with the hydrogen turned into electricity at 55 kWh per kg (electrolysis); distance from each municipality to the nearest gas pipeline.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O que o CO₂ poderia virar: com hidrogênio verde, a cana renderia quase duas vezes o gás consumido no estado [What CO₂ could become: With green hydrogen, the cane would yield almost twice the gas the state uses] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/092-o-que-o-co2-pode-virar-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_o_que_o_co2_pode_virar_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O que o CO₂ poderia virar: Com hidrogênio verde, a cana renderia quase duas vezes o gás consumido no estado},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/092-o-que-o-co2-pode-virar-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: What CO₂ could become: With green hydrogen, the cane would yield almost twice the gas the state uses. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 091 Energy · biomass Biogenic carbon 3/4

Biogenic versus fossil

In the state’s large fixed sources, half the CO₂ comes from sugarcane

Map of São Paulo with circles proportional to the 2024 CO₂ from each municipality’s large fixed sources, adding ethanol vats and the burning of natural gas, fuel oil and coke, coloured by biogenic share: from purple, almost all fossil, to dark green, almost all biogenic. The greens cover the interior, in the north and west; the purples cluster in Greater São Paulo, Cubatão, Campinas and the Paraíba Valley. Callouts point to Cubatão, with 738 kt of fossil CO₂, Guaíra, with 310 kt, all from the vats, and Piracicaba, 34% biogenic. In the panel, bars compare the vats, the possible biogas, fossil fixed sources and all the state’s fossil energy, 77 million t. — Fig. 091 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: SEMIL (SP), ANP, IPCC (2006), IPCC (2005), EPE, IBGE

The gas leaving an ethanol vat is almost 100% CO₂; a combustion stack carries 3% to 15%. That is why mills are among the easiest sources to capture. In 2024, São Paulo’s vats released about 10.1 million t of biogenic CO₂. Natural gas burnt by industry, cogeneration and power plants, fuel oil and coke added up to 9.3 million t of fossil CO₂, on the SEMIL Energy Yearbook and IPCC factors. In these large fixed sources, 52% of the CO₂ comes from sugarcane. The map splits: across the cane-growing interior, 116 municipalities have more biogenic than fossil CO₂; fossil CO₂ concentrates in the capital (850,000 t), Cubatão (738,000), Santa Gertrudes, Paulínia and Jacareí. In Piracicaba the two mix: 34% is biogenic. The fossil figure here is a floor. Third plate of the collection “Biogenic carbon”.

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municipios polygon 645 municipalities: fossil CO₂ (gas, oil, coke and all energy), vat CO₂ in 2024 and biogenic share (same GPKG as plate 089)

Metadata

Sources: SEMIL (SP) — Energy Yearbook by Municipality of São Paulo State 2025, base year 2024 (natural gas and oil product use by municipality) (2025)
ANP — Ethanol Producers Dynamic Panel (2024 output and capacity by mill) (2026)
IPCC (2006) — Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, vol. 2, ch. 1, Table 1.4 (stationary combustion CO₂ emission factors) (2006)
IPCC (2005) — Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, Table 2.1 (CO₂ concentration by source type) (2005)
EPE — Brazilian Energy Balance 2025 (net calorific values) (2025)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Fossil CO₂ in 2024 by municipality: industrial, cogeneration and power-generation natural gas use and fuel oil and petroleum coke use (SEMIL Energy Yearbook), times the BEN net calorific value and the IPCC 2006 emission factor; biogenic CO₂ in 2024: ethanol fermentation estimated as in plate 089; biogenic share = biogenic ÷ (biogenic + fossil).
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Biogênico contra fóssil: nas grandes fontes fixas do estado, metade do CO₂ vem da cana [Biogenic versus fossil: In the state’s large fixed sources, half the CO₂ comes from sugarcane] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/091-co2-biogenico-e-fossil-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_co2_biogenico_e_fossil_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Biogênico contra fóssil: Nas grandes fontes fixas do estado, metade do CO₂ vem da cana},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/091-co2-biogenico-e-fossil-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Biogenic versus fossil: In the state’s large fixed sources, half the CO₂ comes from sugarcane. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 090 Energy · biomass Biogenic carbon 2/4

The CO₂ in biogas

To become biomethane, biogas must shed its CO₂, almost half its volume

Choropleth map of São Paulo municipalities in six shades of brown, from cream to dark brown, by the CO₂ that upgrading the possible biogas would separate each year. The dark shades cover almost all the cane-growing interior, in the north, west and centre; the light ones lie on the coast, in the Ribeira Valley and in the Paraíba Valley. The capital shows dark among its light neighbours. A callout points to Guaíra, with 178 kt a year, the largest potential in the state; another points to São Paulo, with 72 kt, from organic waste, pruning and sewage sludge. In the panel, bars show that 82% of the CO₂ would come from cane residues and others give the CO₂ share of the biogas from each residue. — Fig. 090 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), NIST, IBGE

Biogas leaves the digester as methane and CO₂; the CO₂ takes up 32% to 48% of the volume, depending on the residue. To become biomethane, which can enter the gas grid, biogas goes through upgrading, which separates out this CO₂, a concentrated, biogenic gas. If all the possible biogas in São Paulo were made and upgraded, on the CP2B potential (level N4, reference scenario), about 9.1 million t of CO₂ a year would come out, almost as much as the ethanol vats release in a harvest. 82% would come from cane residues: vinasse, filter cake, bagasse and straw. Guaíra leads with 178,000 t, followed by Morro Agudo with 154,000 and Sertãozinho with 136,000; the capital reaches 72,000 t from organic waste, pruning and sewage sludge. It is a potential, not a current emission, and an estimate. Second plate of the collection “Biogenic carbon”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: biogas upgrading CO₂, total and by group (cane, crops, livestock, urban), and N4 biogas (same GPKG as plate 089)

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (level N4, reference scenario) (2026)
NIST — Chemistry WebBook (CO₂ density at 0 °C and 1 atm) (2023)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: For each municipality and residue, the biogas of the CP2B v5.1 potential (level N4, reference scenario) times the share of the volume that is not methane (1 − the residue’s CH₄ fraction), converted to mass at 1.977 kg of CO₂ per normal m³; summed by municipality and by residue group.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O CO₂ do biogás: para virar biometano, o biogás solta o CO₂, quase metade do volume [The CO₂ in biogas: To become biomethane, biogas must shed its CO₂, almost half its volume] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/090-co2-do-biogas-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_co2_do_biogas_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O CO₂ do biogás: Para virar biometano, o biogás solta o CO₂, quase metade do volume},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/090-co2-do-biogas-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The CO₂ in biogas: To become biomethane, biogas must shed its CO₂, almost half its volume. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}