Maps · Sheet 2 — Essencial

No. 089 Energy · biomass Biogenic carbon 1/4

The CO₂ from the vats

Every ethanol mill gives off an almost pure gas that now goes into the air

Map of São Paulo state with brick-red circles, proportional to the fermentation CO₂ estimated in each municipality in the 2025/26 harvest, over lightly tinted municipalities that have a mill. The circles cluster in the north and centre of the state, around Ribeirão Preto, and thin out to the east and south. A callout points to Guaíra, with 271 kt from three mills, the largest point in the state; another points to Piracicaba, with 115 kt, 10 km from a gas pipeline. In the panel, monthly bars show the CO₂ concentrated from May to October and almost nil from December to March, and further bars list the six largest municipalities. — Fig. 089 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: ANP, Kheshgi, H. S. and Prince, R. C. (2005). Sequestration of fermentation CO₂ from ethanol production. Energy, 30, 1865–1871, EPE, IBGE

In the fermentation vat, yeast turns cane sugar into ethanol and releases CO₂ in step: 0.955 kg of gas per kg of alcohol, about 0.75 t per m³. It is almost pure CO₂, of biological origin, and today it goes into the air. In the 2025/26 harvest, São Paulo’s mills made 12.1 billion litres of ethanol; by stoichiometry, about 8.9 million tonnes of CO₂ left the vats, from 145 mills in 119 municipalities. Guaíra, with three mills, leads with about 271,000 t; Pitangueiras, Sertãozinho and Buritizal each pass 190,000. The gas follows the crushing season: 1.4 million t in August and almost nothing from December to March. As ANP publishes output only by state, each mill’s share is estimated from its authorised capacity; everything here is an estimate. First plate of the collection “Biogenic carbon”.

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At a glance

Layers

usinas_etanol point 145 SP mills with authorised capacity in the harvest: estimated ethanol and CO₂, at the municipality’s interior point
municipios polygon 645 municipalities: fermentation CO₂ (2025/26 harvest and 2024), biogas, fossil and possible e-methane

Metadata

Sources: ANP — Ethanol Producers Dynamic Panel: authorised capacity by mill and output by state and month (pb-da-etanol.zip) (2026)
ANP — Resolution No. 907/2022, Table 1 (density and alcohol content of anhydrous and hydrous ethanol) (2022)
Kheshgi, H. S. and Prince, R. C. (2005). Sequestration of fermentation CO₂ from ethanol production. Energy, 30, 1865–1871 (2005)
EPE — WebMap: existing gas pipelines, as published in the MapBiomas infrastructure database (distance to pipeline) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: São Paulo’s anhydrous and hydrous ethanol output in the 2025/26 harvest (ANP, by month) shared out among mills by their authorised capacity in each month, converted to mass by the density in the ANP specification and to CO₂ by the stoichiometry of alcoholic fermentation (0.955 kg of CO₂ per kg of ethanol); summed by municipality.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O CO₂ das dornas: toda usina de etanol solta um gás quase puro, que hoje vai para o ar [The CO₂ from the vats: Every ethanol mill gives off an almost pure gas that now goes into the air] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/089-co2-das-dornas-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_co2_das_dornas_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O CO₂ das dornas: Toda usina de etanol solta um gás quase puro, que hoje vai para o ar},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/089-co2-das-dornas-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The CO₂ from the vats: Every ethanol mill gives off an almost pure gas that now goes into the air. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 084 Energy · biomass Manure that feeds the soil 4/4

Biogas digestate

If manure went through digesters, 98,000 t of N and 49,000 t of P₂O₅ a year would return to the fields

The biomethane potential of poultry, pig and cattle manure in São Paulo, at CP2B’s accessible level, is 1.29 million m³ a day. The digestate left by that biogas keeps the manure’s nutrients: about 98,000 tonnes of nitrogen, 49,000 of P₂O₅ and 48,000 of K₂O a year, equal to 25% of the phosphorus, 14% of the nitrogen and 9% of the potassium that the state’s harvests remove. Three quarters of the nitrogen would come from poultry farms. In 61 municipalities with at least 1,000 hectares harvested, digestate would supply all the P₂O₅ of the harvest. Bastos would have 2,200 tonnes of P₂O₅ in digestate, a hundred times what its crops remove; Botucatu, with 43,000 hectares of crops, 117%. Sugarcane, which makes up most of CP2B’s potential, is left out: vinasse, filter cake and straw already go back to the fields. Fourth and last plate of the collection “Manure that feeds the soil”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: N, P₂O₅ and K₂O in manure digestate (CP2B N4), biomethane, and the share of crop removal it replaces (same GPKG as plate 081)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (24/09/2026), accessible level N4, reference scenario (2026)
IBGE — 2024 Municipal Agricultural Production (SIDRA, tables 1612 and 1613, variables 214 and 216; retrieved from https://apisidra.ibge.gov.br/values/t/1612/n6/in%20n3%2035/v/214/p/2024/c81/all and equivalents on 18/10/2026) (2024)
IBGE — 2024 Municipal Livestock Survey (SIDRA, tables 3939 and 94) (2024)
IPCC — 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, vol. 4, ch. 10 (tables 10.19 and 10A.5) (2019)
MidWest Plan Service — MWPS-18, Manure Characteristics, section 1, 2nd ed. (table 6) (2004)
IPNI Brazil/NPCT — Nutrient Balance Calculator (contents in the harvested product; Cunha, Casarin and Prochnow, Informações Agronômicas 130 and 145) (2014)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Methane at level N4 of CP2B v5.1 (reference scenario) for manure from broilers and laying hens, pigs, and dairy, feedlot and grazing cattle, converted into equivalent head with each substrate’s mean parameters and multiplied by the N, P₂O₅ and K₂O excreted per head (IPCC 2019 and MWPS-18); digestate keeps these nutrients. Colour: digestate over the P₂O₅ removed by the municipality’s harvests (2024 PAM × IPNI), in six classes; circles: tonnes of P₂O₅.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O digestato do biogás: se os dejetos passassem pelo biodigestor, voltariam ao campo 98 mil t de N e 49 mil t de P₂O₅ por ano [Biogas digestate: If manure went through digesters, 98,000 t of N and 49,000 t of P₂O₅ a year would return to the fields] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/084-digestato-do-biogas-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_digestato_do_biogas_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O digestato do biogás: Se os dejetos passassem pelo biodigestor, voltariam ao campo 98 mil t de N e 49 mil t de P₂O₅ por ano},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/084-digestato-do-biogas-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Biogas digestate: If manure went through digesters, 98,000 t of N and 49,000 t of P₂O₅ a year would return to the fields. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 083 Land use Manure that feeds the soil 3/4

Manure and harvests

Housed-herd manure replaces 46% of the phosphorus harvests remove, 25% of the nitrogen

Three maps of São Paulo’s municipalities in six shades of green, by the share of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium removed by harvests that poultry, pig and dairy manure replaces; municipalities with under 1,000 harvested hectares in pale grey. Phosphorus is the darkest map, with dark green in the centre-east and the west; potassium the palest. Callouts point to Itapeva, where manure covers 3.3% of the nitrogen, Bastos, with 129 times the harvest’s phosphorus, and Guaíra, with 0.6% of the potassium. In the fourth frame, bars of manure and removal statewide, with the sugarcane share. — Fig. 083 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, IPNI Brazil/NPCT, IPCC, MidWest Plan Service

São Paulo’s harvests take from the soil, every year, about 700,000 tonnes of nitrogen, 194,000 of P₂O₅ and 555,000 of K₂O, by 2024 PAM production and IPNI contents. The manure of poultry, pigs and dairy cows, the part that can be collected, holds 172,000, 89,000 and 87,000: it replaces 46% of the phosphorus, 25% of the nitrogen and 16% of the potassium. Sugarcane weighs on the account: it removes half the nitrogen and 71% of the potassium, and part of that returns to the canefields with vinasse and filter cake. Of the 527 municipalities with at least 1,000 hectares harvested, 114 have manure to replace all the phosphorus, 54 all the nitrogen and 36 all the potassium. In the grain regions the account does not balance: Itapeva removes 21,800 tonnes of N at harvest, and local manure covers 3.3%. Third plate of the collection “Manure that feeds the soil”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: housed-herd manure, crop removal of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O and coverage (same GPKG as plate 081)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2024 Municipal Agricultural Production (SIDRA, tables 1612 and 1613, variables 214 and 216; retrieved from https://apisidra.ibge.gov.br/values/t/1612/n6/in%20n3%2035/v/214/p/2024/c81/all and equivalents on 18/10/2026) (2024)
IPNI Brazil/NPCT — Nutrient Balance Calculator (contents in the harvested product; Cunha, Casarin and Prochnow, Informações Agronômicas 130 and 145) (2014)
IBGE — 2024 Municipal Livestock Survey (SIDRA, tables 3939 and 94; table 94 retrieved from https://apisidra.ibge.gov.br/values/t/94/n6/in%20n3%2035/v/all/p/2024 on 18/10/2026) (2024)
IPCC — 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, vol. 4, ch. 10 (tables 10.19 and 10A.5) (2019)
MidWest Plan Service — MWPS-18, Manure Characteristics, section 1, 2nd ed. (table 6) (2004)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: N, P₂O₅ and K₂O in poultry, pig and dairy manure (2024 PPM × IPCC 2019 and MWPS-18) over the N, P₂O₅ and K₂O removed by the municipality’s temporary and permanent crops (2024 PAM production × IPNI Brazil contents in the harvested product), in six classes, in municipalities with at least 1,000 hectares harvested.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Dejetos e colheitas: o esterco confinado repõe 46% do fósforo que as colheitas levam, 25% do nitrogênio [Manure and harvests: Housed-herd manure replaces 46% of the phosphorus harvests remove, 25% of the nitrogen] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/083-dejetos-e-colheitas-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_dejetos_e_colheitas_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Dejetos e colheitas: O esterco confinado repõe 46% do fósforo que as colheitas levam, 25% do nitrogênio},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/083-dejetos-e-colheitas-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Manure and harvests: Housed-herd manure replaces 46% of the phosphorus harvests remove, 25% of the nitrogen. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 082 Land use Manure that feeds the soil 2/4

The phosphorus in manure

In 177 municipalities, farms yield more phosphorus than the harvest removes

Map of São Paulo’s municipalities in six shades from pink to wine, by the phosphorus (P₂O₅) in poultry, pig and dairy manure per hectare of farmland, with fine stripes on the 177 municipalities where that phosphorus exceeds what local harvests remove. The darkest shades form a belt from Sorocaba to Campinas and patches at Bastos and Mococa; the west and the sugarcane north are pale. Callouts point to Bastos, with 2,761 tonnes of P₂O₅, 130 times what its crops remove, and Mococa, with twice as much. In the panel, the share of phosphorus in each class and the phosphorus by herd. — Fig. 082 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, MapBiomas, IPCC, MidWest Plan Service, IPNI Brazil/NPCT

Poultry, pigs and dairy cows live in sheds and byres, and their manure can be collected: about 88,500 tonnes of P₂O₅ a year in São Paulo, 5.2 kg per farmland hectare. Broilers give 45%, milked cows 33%, laying hens 12% and pigs 10%. Phosphorus builds up where farms cluster: Bastos has 188 kg of P₂O₅ per hectare, Cerquilho 131, Jumirim 98, Cabreúva and Porangaba 81. In 177 municipalities, manure phosphorus exceeds what the municipality’s own harvests remove; together they hold 51,000 tonnes of P₂O₅ in manure, 33,000 more than their crops take. In Bastos, manure holds 130 times the phosphorus of the harvest; in Mococa, with 6.75 million broilers, twice as much. Second plate of the collection “Manure that feeds the soil”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: herds, housed-herd manure N, P₂O₅ and K₂O, P₂O₅ per hectare and crop removal (same GPKG as plate 081)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2024 Municipal Livestock Survey (SIDRA, tables 3939 and 94; table 94 retrieved from https://apisidra.ibge.gov.br/values/t/94/n6/in%20n3%2035/v/all/p/2024 on 18/10/2026) (2024)
IBGE — 2024 Municipal Agricultural Production (SIDRA, tables 1612 and 1613, variables 214 and 216; retrieved from https://apisidra.ibge.gov.br/values/t/1612/n6/in%20n3%2035/v/214/p/2024/c81/all and equivalents on 18/10/2026) (2024)
MapBiomas — Collection 10 of the Annual Series of Land Use and Land Cover Maps of Brazil, 2024 (farmland by municipality, from plate 045) (2024)
IPCC — 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, vol. 4, ch. 10 (tables 10.19 and 10A.5) (2019)
MidWest Plan Service — MWPS-18, Manure Characteristics, section 1, 2nd ed. (table 6) (2004)
IPNI Brazil/NPCT — Nutrient Balance Calculator (contents in the harvested product; Cunha, Casarin and Prochnow, Informações Agronômicas 130 and 145) (2014)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Head counts of hens, broilers, pigs, sows and milked cows in the 2024 PPM times the P₂O₅ excreted per head per year (IPCC 2019 nitrogen times the MWPS-18 P₂O₅/N ratio), per hectare of 2024 MapBiomas farmland, in six classes; stripes where that P₂O₅ exceeds the municipality’s crop removal (2024 PAM × IPNI contents).
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O fósforo dos dejetos: em 177 municípios, as granjas dão mais fósforo do que a colheita leva [The phosphorus in manure: In 177 municipalities, farms yield more phosphorus than the harvest removes] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/082-fosforo-dos-dejetos-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_fosforo_dos_dejetos_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O fósforo dos dejetos: Em 177 municípios, as granjas dão mais fósforo do que a colheita leva},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/082-fosforo-dos-dejetos-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The phosphorus in manure: In 177 municipalities, farms yield more phosphorus than the harvest removes. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 081 Land use Manure that feeds the soil 1/4

The nitrogen in manure

Half a million tonnes a year; in Bastos, three times the European cap

Map of São Paulo’s municipalities in six shades from beige to dark brown, by the nitrogen in herd manure per hectare of farmland. The west and the Paraíba Valley, with pastures, are mid-toned; the sugarcane centre-north is pale; Greater São Paulo and the coast, with no livestock data, are hatched. Callouts point to Bastos, with 579 kg of N per hectare, 91% from poultry; Presidente Bernardes, with the largest total after Bastos, nearly all from grazing cattle; and Cerquilho, Jumirim and Porangaba, also above 170 kg/ha. In the panel, the share of nitrogen in each class and the nitrogen by herd. — Fig. 081 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, MapBiomas, IPCC, MidWest Plan Service

São Paulo’s herds excrete about 535,000 tonnes of nitrogen a year, by a calculation using the 2024 PPM head counts and IPCC coefficients. Over the 16.9 million hectares of MapBiomas farmland, that is 31.5 kg of N per hectare; the municipal median is 29 kg. Nearly two thirds (65%) comes from beef cattle, spread across the pastures; poultry gives 18%, dairy cows 11% and pigs 4%. The EU Nitrates Directive caps manure applied in vulnerable zones at 170 kg of N per hectare. Four São Paulo municipalities exceed it: Bastos, the egg capital, with 579 kg/ha, and Cerquilho (232), Jumirim (219) and Porangaba (171), with broiler farms. Presidente Bernardes, in the Pontal, has the largest total after Bastos: 5,600 tonnes, nearly all from grazing cattle. First plate of the collection “Manure that feeds the soil”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: 2024 PPM herds, farmland and cropland; manure N, P₂O₅ and K₂O; crop removal; coverage; CP2B digestate
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2024 Municipal Livestock Survey (SIDRA, tables 3939 and 94; table 94 retrieved from https://apisidra.ibge.gov.br/values/t/94/n6/in%20n3%2035/v/all/p/2024 on 18/10/2026) (2024)
MapBiomas — Collection 10 of the Annual Series of Land Use and Land Cover Maps of Brazil, 2024 (farmland by municipality, from plate 045) (2024)
IPCC — 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, vol. 4, ch. 10 (tables 10.19 and 10A.5) (2019)
MidWest Plan Service — MWPS-18, Manure Characteristics, section 1, 2nd ed. (table 6) (2004)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Head counts of each herd in the 2024 PPM times the nitrogen excreted per head per year (IPCC 2019, Latin American means), summed by municipality and divided by the 2024 MapBiomas farmland (pasture, temporary and perennial crops, sugarcane, citrus and mixed use), in six classes; the last starts at the Nitrates Directive cap of 170 kg of N per hectare.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O nitrogênio dos dejetos: meio milhão de toneladas por ano; em Bastos, três vezes o teto europeu [The nitrogen in manure: Half a million tonnes a year; in Bastos, three times the European cap] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/081-nitrogenio-dos-dejetos-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_nitrogenio_dos_dejetos_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O nitrogênio dos dejetos: Meio milhão de toneladas por ano; em Bastos, três vezes o teto europeu},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/081-nitrogenio-dos-dejetos-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The nitrogen in manure: Half a million tonnes a year; in Bastos, three times the European cap. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 080 Energy · biomass The bioeconomy at work 5/5

Who treats the waste

Urban waste is everywhere; those who treat it are in few places

Map of São Paulo’s municipalities in five shades of grey-green by the biomethane potential of organic rubbish, sewage sludge and prunings, darker in the large towns, with brick-coloured circles proportional to formal jobs in waste treatment and disposal. The circles are few and gathered in Greater São Paulo, the Paraíba Valley and some inland towns; many dark mid-sized towns have no circle. Callouts point to the capital, with 23% of urban biomethane and 1,861 treatment jobs, and Piracicaba, with 13,000 m³ a day and no jobs. In the panel, the legend, the reference circles and bars with waste and sewage jobs per 10,000 people in each intermediate region. — Fig. 080 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: MTE/PDET, CP2B (Unicamp), IBGE

São Paulo’s organic rubbish, sewage sludge and prunings would yield 621,000 m³ of biomethane a day at CP2B’s accessible level, and that matter is in every town. Those who treat it are not. Only 71 of the 645 municipalities have formal jobs in waste treatment and disposal, landfills, composting and biogas plants: 7,555 in the state, against 52,000 in collection. The capital has 23% of urban biomethane and 1,861 of those jobs; São José dos Campos, Arujá and Caieiras come next. Yet 44% of urban biomethane lies in municipalities with no treatment jobs at all: Piracicaba has 13,000 m³ a day and none; São José do Rio Preto, 12,000 and none. There, waste travels to a landfill in another municipality or is handled by the council, outside the private count. Fifth and last plate of the collection “The bioeconomy at work”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: jobs in sewage, collection, treatment and recovery, jobs per 10,000 people and urban biomethane potential (same GPKG as plate 076)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: MTE/PDET — RAIS 2025: establishments (RAIS ESTAB PUB), active jobs on 31/12 by CNAE 2.0 subclass and municipality (2025)
CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census: municipal population (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Urban-waste biomethane potential by municipality (CP2B v5.1, level N4, reference scenario: organic waste, sewage sludge and prunings), in five classes, and circles proportional to active jobs on 31/12/2025 in waste treatment and disposal (CNAE 38.21 and 38.22, RAIS 2025).
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Quem trata o resíduo: o resíduo urbano está em toda parte; quem o trata, em poucos lugares [Who treats the waste: Urban waste is everywhere; those who treat it are in few places] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/080-quem-trata-o-residuo-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_quem_trata_o_residuo_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Quem trata o resíduo: O resíduo urbano está em toda parte; quem o trata, em poucos lugares},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/080-quem-trata-o-residuo-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Who treats the waste: Urban waste is everywhere; those who treat it are in few places. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 079 Energy · biomass The bioeconomy at work 4/5

Where biomass meets the factory

The hubs that already have both residue and industry, and those with only one

Bivariate map of São Paulo’s municipalities in nine colours from a three-by-three grid: green grows with biomethane potential and ochre with jobs in bio-based industry; dark brown marks municipalities in the top third of both. Dark brown covers much of the north and centre; pure green appears in the north-west and west; pure ochre in Greater São Paulo. Callouts point to Brejo Alegre, with 77,000 m³ of biomethane a day and 4 industry jobs, and Barueri, with 4,554 jobs and little biomass. In the panel, the grid with the number of municipalities in each cell, the tercile limits and two lists: municipalities with plenty of biomass and little industry, and those with plenty of industry and little biomass. — Fig. 079 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), MTE/PDET, IBGE

A bioeconomy hub needs two things in the same place: biomass and someone who knows how to convert it. This plate crosses the biomethane potential of residues (CP2B, accessible level, reference scenario) with formal jobs in bio-based industry (food, drink, wood, paper, fibres and biofuels), each split into thirds of the municipalities. In 115 municipalities both are in the top third: these are the hubs, with 61% of the state’s biomethane and 55% of those jobs, nearly all in the cane-growing north and centre. In 28, biomass is plentiful and industry scarce: Brejo Alegre has 77,000 m³ of biomethane a day and 4 industrial jobs. In 43, industry is strong and biomass is scarce, mostly in the metropolis: Barueri has 4,554 jobs and little residue of its own. Fourth plate of the collection “The bioeconomy at work”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: CP2B biomethane potential and bio-based industry jobs by segment (same GPKG as plate 076)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
MTE/PDET — RAIS 2025: establishments (RAIS ESTAB PUB), active jobs on 31/12 by CNAE 2.0 subclass and municipality (2025)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Biomethane potential by municipality (CP2B v5.1, level N4, reference scenario) and active jobs on 31/12/2025 in bio-based industry (RAIS 2025), each split into thirds of the municipalities with a value; the cross gives nine classes.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Onde a biomassa encontra a fábrica: os polos que já têm resíduo e indústria, e os que só têm um dos dois [Where biomass meets the factory: The hubs that already have both residue and industry, and those with only one] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/079-biomassa-e-industria-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_biomassa_e_industria_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Onde a biomassa encontra a fábrica: Os polos que já têm resíduo e indústria, e os que só têm um dos dois},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/079-biomassa-e-industria-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Where biomass meets the factory: The hubs that already have both residue and industry, and those with only one. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 078 Energy · biomass The bioeconomy at work 3/5

The organic-waste factories

Mills, slaughterhouses, dairies, juice plants and breweries: where industry leaves organic waste

Map of São Paulo with the municipalities in grey and circles proportional to formal jobs in organic-waste-generating industries, coloured by the branch with most jobs: yellow for sugar and ethanol, brick red for slaughter, blue for dairy, orange for fruit and juice, purple for drinks, beige for grain and feed and green for oils. Large yellow circles spread across the north and west; red ones appear in the west and north-west; the capital has the largest circle. Callouts point to Guaíra, with 7,588 jobs, 87% in sugar and ethanol, and the capital, with 16,133. In the panel, the branch legend with each branch’s jobs, the municipalities with most jobs and a note on what CP2B already counts. — Fig. 078 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: MTE/PDET, IBGE

Some industries leave organic waste in volume: vinasse, filter cake and bagasse at the mills; blood, rumen contents and fatty effluent at slaughterhouses; whey at dairies; pulp and peel at juice plants; yeast and spent grain at breweries. In São Paulo, 364,647 formal jobs are in these industries, in 3,692 establishments and 531 municipalities. Sugar and ethanol account for 46%; slaughter, 23%. The capital has the most jobs, 16,133, split between dairy, oils, slaughter and drinks. Inland the mill rules: in Guaíra, 87% of the 7,588 jobs are in sugar and ethanol; Sertãozinho and Araras follow close behind. Slaughter leads in 124 municipalities, the mills in 116 and dairies in 89. CP2B already counts cane residues; the effluent of the other industries is left out. Third plate of the collection “The bioeconomy at work”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: jobs and establishments in generating industries, by branch, and the dominant branch (same GPKG as plate 076)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: MTE/PDET — RAIS 2025: establishments (RAIS ESTAB PUB), active jobs on 31/12 by CNAE 2.0 subclass and municipality (2025)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Active jobs on 31/12/2025 in seven industrial branches that generate organic effluent and waste in volume (slaughter, dairy, fruit and juice, sugar and ethanol, oils, drinks, grain and feed), by CNAE class and municipality; circle proportional to the total, coloured by the branch with most jobs.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). As fábricas do resíduo orgânico: usinas, frigoríficos, laticínios, sucos e cervejarias: onde a indústria deixa resíduo orgânico [The organic-waste factories: Mills, slaughterhouses, dairies, juice plants and breweries: where industry leaves organic waste] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/078-industrias-do-residuo-organico-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_industrias_do_residuo_organico_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {As fábricas do resíduo orgânico: Usinas, frigoríficos, laticínios, sucos e cervejarias: onde a indústria deixa resíduo orgânico},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/078-industrias-do-residuo-organico-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The organic-waste factories: Mills, slaughterhouses, dairies, juice plants and breweries: where industry leaves organic waste. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}