O fósforo dos dejetos: Em 177 municípios, as granjas dão mais fósforo do que a colheita leva

Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura

No. 082 Land use Manure that feeds the soil 2/4

The phosphorus in manure

In 177 municipalities, farms yield more phosphorus than the harvest removes

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Map of São Paulo’s municipalities in six shades from pink to wine, by the phosphorus (P₂O₅) in poultry, pig and dairy manure per hectare of farmland, with fine stripes on the 177 municipalities where that phosphorus exceeds what local harvests remove. The darkest shades form a belt from Sorocaba to Campinas and patches at Bastos and Mococa; the west and the sugarcane north are pale. Callouts point to Bastos, with 2,761 tonnes of P₂O₅, 130 times what its crops remove, and Mococa, with twice as much. In the panel, the share of phosphorus in each class and the phosphorus by herd. — Fig. 082 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, MapBiomas, IPCC, MidWest Plan Service, IPNI Brazil/NPCT

Poultry, pigs and dairy cows live in sheds and byres, and their manure can be collected: about 88,500 tonnes of P₂O₅ a year in São Paulo, 5.2 kg per farmland hectare. Broilers give 45%, milked cows 33%, laying hens 12% and pigs 10%. Phosphorus builds up where farms cluster: Bastos has 188 kg of P₂O₅ per hectare, Cerquilho 131, Jumirim 98, Cabreúva and Porangaba 81. In 177 municipalities, manure phosphorus exceeds what the municipality’s own harvests remove; together they hold 51,000 tonnes of P₂O₅ in manure, 33,000 more than their crops take. In Bastos, manure holds 130 times the phosphorus of the harvest; in Mococa, with 6.75 million broilers, twice as much. Second plate of the collection “Manure that feeds the soil”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: herds, housed-herd manure N, P₂O₅ and K₂O, P₂O₅ per hectare and crop removal (same GPKG as plate 081)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2024 Municipal Livestock Survey (SIDRA, tables 3939 and 94; table 94 retrieved from https://apisidra.ibge.gov.br/values/t/94/n6/in%20n3%2035/v/all/p/2024 on 18/10/2026) (2024)
IBGE — 2024 Municipal Agricultural Production (SIDRA, tables 1612 and 1613, variables 214 and 216; retrieved from https://apisidra.ibge.gov.br/values/t/1612/n6/in%20n3%2035/v/214/p/2024/c81/all and equivalents on 18/10/2026) (2024)
MapBiomas — Collection 10 of the Annual Series of Land Use and Land Cover Maps of Brazil, 2024 (farmland by municipality, from plate 045) (2024)
IPCC — 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, vol. 4, ch. 10 (tables 10.19 and 10A.5) (2019)
MidWest Plan Service — MWPS-18, Manure Characteristics, section 1, 2nd ed. (table 6) (2004)
IPNI Brazil/NPCT — Nutrient Balance Calculator (contents in the harvested product; Cunha, Casarin and Prochnow, Informações Agronômicas 130 and 145) (2014)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Head counts of hens, broilers, pigs, sows and milked cows in the 2024 PPM times the P₂O₅ excreted per head per year (IPCC 2019 nitrogen times the MWPS-18 P₂O₅/N ratio), per hectare of 2024 MapBiomas farmland, in six classes; stripes where that P₂O₅ exceeds the municipality’s crop removal (2024 PAM × IPNI contents).
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O fósforo dos dejetos: em 177 municípios, as granjas dão mais fósforo do que a colheita leva [The phosphorus in manure: In 177 municipalities, farms yield more phosphorus than the harvest removes] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/082-fosforo-dos-dejetos-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_fosforo_dos_dejetos_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O fósforo dos dejetos: Em 177 municípios, as granjas dão mais fósforo do que a colheita leva},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/082-fosforo-dos-dejetos-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The phosphorus in manure: In 177 municipalities, farms yield more phosphorus than the harvest removes. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

How to read this plate area, projection, scale, legend and source · 3 terms

1 Area: São Paulo State (SP) The area the plate covers. Outside it, neighbours and sea are drawn in grey, just for orientation.
2 Coordinates and projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674) The layers are in SIRGAS 2000; the drawing’s projection is written in the colophon at the foot of the panel.
3 Scale: Graphic scale bar in the panel The scale bar is true on the central meridian; away from it, measured distances vary a little.
4 Legend and layers: 3 layers in the GeoPackage · polygon Read the legend before the map: it tells you whether a colour is a rate or a class, and whether a circle is a total.
5 Sources: IBGE (2024); MapBiomas (2024); IPCC (2019); MidWest Plan Service (2004); IPNI Brazil/NPCT (2014); IBGE (2025) Every figure comes from a public source, with its year. The data sheet gives each one’s address.

Terms on this plate

Harvest year: Cane years are not calendar years: in the Centre-South the harvest runs from April to March; in the Northeast, from September to August. That is why the two regions crush in opposite months.
Land cover and land use: What covers each patch of ground (forest, pasture, soy, cane, water, town), read from satellite images year by year. The forty-year plates use MapBiomas’ series, 1985 to 2025, summed by municipality.
MapBiomas: A network of universities, NGOs and companies that classifies land cover across all of Brazil from Landsat images, one map a year since 1985, as open data.

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Layers, table and figures, under CC BY 4.0. Cite with the DOI.

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Method notes · No. 082

The phosphorus in poultry, pig and dairy manure

Português · English

Plate No. 082, the second of four in the collection Manure that feeds the soil. Nitrogen from all herds is on plate 081, with the collection’s GPKG and the coefficients table.

What the files contain

Layer (GPKG)	Geometry	Content
`municipios`	polygon	645 municipalities: 2024 PPM herds; `n_conf_t`, `p2o5_conf_t` and `k2o_conf_t` (manure of hens, broilers, pigs, sows and milked cows); `p2o5_kg_ha_agro`; `p2o5_exporta_t` (crop removal, plate 083); the collection’s other fields
`regioes_intermediarias`, `limite_estadual`	polygon	reference

The GPKG and CSV are the collection’s, published with plate 081 and repeated here; this plate’s QGIS style is p2o5_kg_ha_agro.

Method

Housed herds only. Poultry, pigs and dairy cows are kept in sheds, pens and byres, and their manure is collected, stored and carted. Beef cattle and small ruminants, which leave their manure on pasture, are left out of this plate.
P₂O₅ per head. Each animal’s nitrogen (IPCC 2019, as on plate 081) times the P₂O₅/N ratio of as-excreted manure in table 6 of MWPS-18 (2004). Per head per year: milked cow 37.2 kg; sow 12.2; pig 5.2; hen 0.18; broiler 0.27.
Per hectare. Sum over the 2024 MapBiomas farmland, in six classes closed on the right: up to 1, 1 to 3, 3 to 6, 6 to 12, 12 to 25 and over 25 kg of P₂O₅ per hectare.
Stripes. Where the P₂O₅ in that manure exceeds the P₂O₅ the municipality’s harvests remove, by the plate 083 calculation (2024 PAM production times IPNI Brazil contents in the harvested product).

Limitations

These are estimates. The P₂O₅/N ratio comes from North American herds (MWPS-18); feed and the use of phytase change manure phosphorus. Table 3 in Gatiboni and Nicoloso (Embrapa, 2019), based on Brazilian data, gives 36.8 kg of P₂O₅ a year for a dairy cow, close to the 37.2 used here.
More phosphorus in manure than in the harvest does not mean pollution: soil holds phosphorus, and manure can leave the municipality. The stripes show where the local account does not balance.
The PPM counts animals on a single day; broiler farms raise several flocks a year.
28 municipalities with no PPM data are hatched as no data, never as zero.

View this map’s folder on GitHub