Land Use

No. 083 Land use Manure that feeds the soil 3/4

Manure and harvests

Housed-herd manure replaces 46% of the phosphorus harvests remove, 25% of the nitrogen

Three maps of São Paulo’s municipalities in six shades of green, by the share of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium removed by harvests that poultry, pig and dairy manure replaces; municipalities with under 1,000 harvested hectares in pale grey. Phosphorus is the darkest map, with dark green in the centre-east and the west; potassium the palest. Callouts point to Itapeva, where manure covers 3.3% of the nitrogen, Bastos, with 129 times the harvest’s phosphorus, and Guaíra, with 0.6% of the potassium. In the fourth frame, bars of manure and removal statewide, with the sugarcane share. — Fig. 083 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, IPNI Brazil/NPCT, IPCC, MidWest Plan Service

São Paulo’s harvests take from the soil, every year, about 700,000 tonnes of nitrogen, 194,000 of P₂O₅ and 555,000 of K₂O, by 2024 PAM production and IPNI contents. The manure of poultry, pigs and dairy cows, the part that can be collected, holds 172,000, 89,000 and 87,000: it replaces 46% of the phosphorus, 25% of the nitrogen and 16% of the potassium. Sugarcane weighs on the account: it removes half the nitrogen and 71% of the potassium, and part of that returns to the canefields with vinasse and filter cake. Of the 527 municipalities with at least 1,000 hectares harvested, 114 have manure to replace all the phosphorus, 54 all the nitrogen and 36 all the potassium. In the grain regions the account does not balance: Itapeva removes 21,800 tonnes of N at harvest, and local manure covers 3.3%. Third plate of the collection “Manure that feeds the soil”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: housed-herd manure, crop removal of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O and coverage (same GPKG as plate 081)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2024 Municipal Agricultural Production (SIDRA, tables 1612 and 1613, variables 214 and 216; retrieved from https://apisidra.ibge.gov.br/values/t/1612/n6/in%20n3%2035/v/214/p/2024/c81/all and equivalents on 18/10/2026) (2024)
IPNI Brazil/NPCT — Nutrient Balance Calculator (contents in the harvested product; Cunha, Casarin and Prochnow, Informações Agronômicas 130 and 145) (2014)
IBGE — 2024 Municipal Livestock Survey (SIDRA, tables 3939 and 94; table 94 retrieved from https://apisidra.ibge.gov.br/values/t/94/n6/in%20n3%2035/v/all/p/2024 on 18/10/2026) (2024)
IPCC — 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, vol. 4, ch. 10 (tables 10.19 and 10A.5) (2019)
MidWest Plan Service — MWPS-18, Manure Characteristics, section 1, 2nd ed. (table 6) (2004)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: N, P₂O₅ and K₂O in poultry, pig and dairy manure (2024 PPM × IPCC 2019 and MWPS-18) over the N, P₂O₅ and K₂O removed by the municipality’s temporary and permanent crops (2024 PAM production × IPNI Brazil contents in the harvested product), in six classes, in municipalities with at least 1,000 hectares harvested.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Dejetos e colheitas: o esterco confinado repõe 46% do fósforo que as colheitas levam, 25% do nitrogênio [Manure and harvests: Housed-herd manure replaces 46% of the phosphorus harvests remove, 25% of the nitrogen] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/083-dejetos-e-colheitas-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_dejetos_e_colheitas_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Dejetos e colheitas: O esterco confinado repõe 46% do fósforo que as colheitas levam, 25% do nitrogênio},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/083-dejetos-e-colheitas-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Manure and harvests: Housed-herd manure replaces 46% of the phosphorus harvests remove, 25% of the nitrogen. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 082 Land use Manure that feeds the soil 2/4

The phosphorus in manure

In 177 municipalities, farms yield more phosphorus than the harvest removes

Map of São Paulo’s municipalities in six shades from pink to wine, by the phosphorus (P₂O₅) in poultry, pig and dairy manure per hectare of farmland, with fine stripes on the 177 municipalities where that phosphorus exceeds what local harvests remove. The darkest shades form a belt from Sorocaba to Campinas and patches at Bastos and Mococa; the west and the sugarcane north are pale. Callouts point to Bastos, with 2,761 tonnes of P₂O₅, 130 times what its crops remove, and Mococa, with twice as much. In the panel, the share of phosphorus in each class and the phosphorus by herd. — Fig. 082 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, MapBiomas, IPCC, MidWest Plan Service, IPNI Brazil/NPCT

Poultry, pigs and dairy cows live in sheds and byres, and their manure can be collected: about 88,500 tonnes of P₂O₅ a year in São Paulo, 5.2 kg per farmland hectare. Broilers give 45%, milked cows 33%, laying hens 12% and pigs 10%. Phosphorus builds up where farms cluster: Bastos has 188 kg of P₂O₅ per hectare, Cerquilho 131, Jumirim 98, Cabreúva and Porangaba 81. In 177 municipalities, manure phosphorus exceeds what the municipality’s own harvests remove; together they hold 51,000 tonnes of P₂O₅ in manure, 33,000 more than their crops take. In Bastos, manure holds 130 times the phosphorus of the harvest; in Mococa, with 6.75 million broilers, twice as much. Second plate of the collection “Manure that feeds the soil”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: herds, housed-herd manure N, P₂O₅ and K₂O, P₂O₅ per hectare and crop removal (same GPKG as plate 081)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2024 Municipal Livestock Survey (SIDRA, tables 3939 and 94; table 94 retrieved from https://apisidra.ibge.gov.br/values/t/94/n6/in%20n3%2035/v/all/p/2024 on 18/10/2026) (2024)
IBGE — 2024 Municipal Agricultural Production (SIDRA, tables 1612 and 1613, variables 214 and 216; retrieved from https://apisidra.ibge.gov.br/values/t/1612/n6/in%20n3%2035/v/214/p/2024/c81/all and equivalents on 18/10/2026) (2024)
MapBiomas — Collection 10 of the Annual Series of Land Use and Land Cover Maps of Brazil, 2024 (farmland by municipality, from plate 045) (2024)
IPCC — 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, vol. 4, ch. 10 (tables 10.19 and 10A.5) (2019)
MidWest Plan Service — MWPS-18, Manure Characteristics, section 1, 2nd ed. (table 6) (2004)
IPNI Brazil/NPCT — Nutrient Balance Calculator (contents in the harvested product; Cunha, Casarin and Prochnow, Informações Agronômicas 130 and 145) (2014)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Head counts of hens, broilers, pigs, sows and milked cows in the 2024 PPM times the P₂O₅ excreted per head per year (IPCC 2019 nitrogen times the MWPS-18 P₂O₅/N ratio), per hectare of 2024 MapBiomas farmland, in six classes; stripes where that P₂O₅ exceeds the municipality’s crop removal (2024 PAM × IPNI contents).
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O fósforo dos dejetos: em 177 municípios, as granjas dão mais fósforo do que a colheita leva [The phosphorus in manure: In 177 municipalities, farms yield more phosphorus than the harvest removes] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/082-fosforo-dos-dejetos-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_fosforo_dos_dejetos_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O fósforo dos dejetos: Em 177 municípios, as granjas dão mais fósforo do que a colheita leva},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/082-fosforo-dos-dejetos-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The phosphorus in manure: In 177 municipalities, farms yield more phosphorus than the harvest removes. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 081 Land use Manure that feeds the soil 1/4

The nitrogen in manure

Half a million tonnes a year; in Bastos, three times the European cap

Map of São Paulo’s municipalities in six shades from beige to dark brown, by the nitrogen in herd manure per hectare of farmland. The west and the Paraíba Valley, with pastures, are mid-toned; the sugarcane centre-north is pale; Greater São Paulo and the coast, with no livestock data, are hatched. Callouts point to Bastos, with 579 kg of N per hectare, 91% from poultry; Presidente Bernardes, with the largest total after Bastos, nearly all from grazing cattle; and Cerquilho, Jumirim and Porangaba, also above 170 kg/ha. In the panel, the share of nitrogen in each class and the nitrogen by herd. — Fig. 081 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, MapBiomas, IPCC, MidWest Plan Service

São Paulo’s herds excrete about 535,000 tonnes of nitrogen a year, by a calculation using the 2024 PPM head counts and IPCC coefficients. Over the 16.9 million hectares of MapBiomas farmland, that is 31.5 kg of N per hectare; the municipal median is 29 kg. Nearly two thirds (65%) comes from beef cattle, spread across the pastures; poultry gives 18%, dairy cows 11% and pigs 4%. The EU Nitrates Directive caps manure applied in vulnerable zones at 170 kg of N per hectare. Four São Paulo municipalities exceed it: Bastos, the egg capital, with 579 kg/ha, and Cerquilho (232), Jumirim (219) and Porangaba (171), with broiler farms. Presidente Bernardes, in the Pontal, has the largest total after Bastos: 5,600 tonnes, nearly all from grazing cattle. First plate of the collection “Manure that feeds the soil”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: 2024 PPM herds, farmland and cropland; manure N, P₂O₅ and K₂O; crop removal; coverage; CP2B digestate
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2024 Municipal Livestock Survey (SIDRA, tables 3939 and 94; table 94 retrieved from https://apisidra.ibge.gov.br/values/t/94/n6/in%20n3%2035/v/all/p/2024 on 18/10/2026) (2024)
MapBiomas — Collection 10 of the Annual Series of Land Use and Land Cover Maps of Brazil, 2024 (farmland by municipality, from plate 045) (2024)
IPCC — 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, vol. 4, ch. 10 (tables 10.19 and 10A.5) (2019)
MidWest Plan Service — MWPS-18, Manure Characteristics, section 1, 2nd ed. (table 6) (2004)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Head counts of each herd in the 2024 PPM times the nitrogen excreted per head per year (IPCC 2019, Latin American means), summed by municipality and divided by the 2024 MapBiomas farmland (pasture, temporary and perennial crops, sugarcane, citrus and mixed use), in six classes; the last starts at the Nitrates Directive cap of 170 kg of N per hectare.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O nitrogênio dos dejetos: meio milhão de toneladas por ano; em Bastos, três vezes o teto europeu [The nitrogen in manure: Half a million tonnes a year; in Bastos, three times the European cap] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/081-nitrogenio-dos-dejetos-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_nitrogenio_dos_dejetos_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O nitrogênio dos dejetos: Meio milhão de toneladas por ano; em Bastos, três vezes o teto europeu},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/081-nitrogenio-dos-dejetos-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The nitrogen in manure: Half a million tonnes a year; in Bastos, three times the European cap. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 075 Land use Milk, eggs, honey and fish 5/5

The value of animal products

Milk is everywhere; the money is in eggs

Map of São Paulo state with a circle in each municipality, its area proportional to the value of milk, eggs, honey, cocoons and aquaculture in 2024, coloured by the most valuable product: orange for eggs, greyish blue for milk, teal for aquaculture and ochre for honey. Small and medium blue circles cover almost the whole state; the orange ones are few and large, the largest of all in Bastos, in the centre-west, surrounded by Tupã, Queiroz and Iacri, with other large ones in Mirassolândia, to the north, Itirapina, in the centre, and Porto Feliz and Tatuí, to the south-east. Teal circles appear on the north-western edge, by the reservoirs. Callout: Bastos, R$ 1.26 billion, 10% of the state’s value. The panel shows bars with each product’s value in the state and the number of municipalities where each is the largest. — Fig. 075 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

Milk, eggs, honey, silkworm cocoons and farmed fish were worth R$ 12.0 billion in São Paulo in 2024, according to the Municipal Livestock Survey. Eggs accounted for 61% of that value (R$ 7.3 billion), milk for 33% (R$ 3.9 billion), aquaculture for 6% and honey for less than 1%. On the map, however, the colour seen most is milk’s: it is the most valuable product in 423 municipalities, against 139 for eggs, 29 for aquaculture and 22 for honey. The egg money is concentrated in a few hubs. Bastos alone adds up to R$ 1.26 billion, 10% of the state, followed by Tupã, Mirassolândia and Itirapina; in the last two, eggs are more than 98% of the value. The ten largest municipalities account for 31% of the total. The survey does not include meat: the value of slaughtered animals is left out. Fifth and last plate of the collection “Milk, eggs, honey and fish”.

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At a glance

Layers

valor point 613 municipalities with reported value: value of each product and total (thousand reais), dominant product and its share
municipios polygon 645 municipalities, with the same fields
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Livestock Survey (PPM), table 74: animal products (2024)
IBGE — Municipal Livestock Survey (PPM), table 3940: aquaculture production (2024)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Value of milk, hen and quail eggs, honey and cocoons (table 74) and aquaculture (table 3940) from PPM 2024, added up by municipality; circles with area proportional to the total, coloured by the most valuable product.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540722

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O valor da produção animal: o leite está em toda parte; o dinheiro, nos ovos [The value of animal products: Milk is everywhere; the money is in eggs] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540722

@dataset{cerejo2026_producao_animal_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O valor da produção animal: O leite está em toda parte; o dinheiro, nos ovos},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540722},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540722},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The value of animal products: Milk is everywhere; the money is in eggs. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 074 Land use Milk, eggs, honey and fish 4/5

Tilapia

Almost every farmed fish in the state is tilapia

São Paulo farmed 67,000 tonnes of tilapia in 2024, 2.8 times the volume of 2013, the first year of the Municipal Livestock Survey’s aquaculture series. Tilapia is 95% of all fish farmed in the state. Brazil grew even faster, from 169,000 to 499,000 tonnes, and the state’s share stood at 13.4%. Farming is concentrated: 134 municipalities report production, and the ten largest account for 72%. The largest sit on the reservoirs of the Grande and Paraná rivers. Rifaina, on the border with Minas Gerais, leads with 10,000 tonnes, followed by Rubinéia, Santa Clara d'Oeste, Panorama and Riolândia. The São José do Rio Preto region, in the north-west, produces 42% of the total on its own. On the map, MapBiomas water shows the rivers and reservoirs, and hatching marks the 476 municipalities with no reported production. Fourth plate of the collection “Milk, eggs, honey and fish”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: tilapia production in 2013 and 2024 (kg) and data status in 2024
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Livestock Survey (PPM), table 3940: aquaculture production (2013 a 2024)
MapBiomas — Collection 10 of the Annual Series of Land Use and Land Cover Maps of Brazil, 2024 (2024)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Tilapia production from PPM 2024 by municipality in six quantile classes; state series from 2013 to 2024; rivers, lakes and reservoirs from the MapBiomas 2024 water classes over the map.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540703

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Tilápia: quase todo peixe criado no estado é tilápia [Tilapia: Almost every farmed fish in the state is tilapia] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540703

@dataset{cerejo2026_tilapia_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Tilápia: Quase todo peixe criado no estado é tilápia},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540703},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540703},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Tilapia: Almost every farmed fish in the state is tilapia. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 073 Land use Milk, eggs, honey and fish 3/5

Honey

More than tripled in sixteen years

São Paulo produced 6,800 tonnes of honey in 2024, 3.3 times what it produced in 2008. Production grew in almost every year and jumped by 23% from 2023 to 2024 alone. In Brazil the growth was smaller, from 37,800 to 67,300 tonnes, and the state’s share almost doubled, from 5.4% to 10.1%. Honey is concentrated in the centre-south of the state, around Botucatu: the Bauru intermediate region produces 43% of the total. Itatinga, with 750 tonnes, and Botucatu, with 725, add up to 22% of the state’s honey; Cabrália Paulista, Agudos and Capão Bonito follow, and the ten largest produce 49%. The number of producing municipalities is the same in both years, 408: the growth came from those already producing. The west, by contrast, barely shows. Third plate of the collection “Milk, eggs, honey and fish”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: honey production in 2008 and 2024 (kg) and data status in 2024
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Livestock Survey (PPM), table 74: animal products (2008 a 2024)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Honey production from PPM 2024 by municipality in six quantile classes; state series from 2008 to 2024.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540586

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Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Mel: mais que triplicou em dezesseis anos [Honey: More than tripled in sixteen years] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540586

@dataset{cerejo2026_mel_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Mel: Mais que triplicou em dezesseis anos},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540586},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540586},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Honey: More than tripled in sixteen years. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 072 Land use Milk, eggs, honey and fish 2/5

Milk

Almost everywhere, at the lowest volume on record

São Paulo produced 1.51 billion litres of cow’s milk in 2024, the lowest volume since 2008. The peak came in 2015, at 1.77 billion; since then production has fallen by 15%, while Brazil’s rose to 35.7 billion litres. The state’s share went from 5.8% in 2008 to 4.2%. Milk is the most widespread animal product in the state: 603 of the 645 municipalities report some, and the ten largest add up to only 18%. Tapiratiba, in the north-east, leads with 41.5 million litres, 2.8% of the total, followed by Araras, Descalvado and Cunha. The darkest tones appear in the west, the north-east and the Paraíba valley, where Cunha and São Luiz do Paraitinga are among the six largest. The Campinas and São José dos Campos regions produce a third of the state’s milk. Second plate of the collection “Milk, eggs, honey and fish”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: milk production in 2008 and 2024 (thousand litres), data status in 2024 and dairy-cattle biomethane
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Livestock Survey (PPM), table 74: animal products (2008 a 2024)
CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Cow’s milk production from PPM 2024 by municipality in six quantile classes; state series from 2008 to 2024; biomethane potential of dairy-cattle manure (in the files only) at the accessible level of the CP2B method.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Leite: em quase todo o estado, no menor volume da série [Milk: Almost everywhere, at the lowest volume on record] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/072-leite-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_leite_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Leite: Em quase todo o estado, no menor volume da série},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/072-leite-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Milk: Almost everywhere, at the lowest volume on record. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 071 Land use Milk, eggs, honey and fish 1/5

Eggs

One in five of São Paulo’s eggs comes from Bastos

Map of São Paulo state with municipalities coloured by hen egg production in 2024, in six classes from cream to brown (up to 6,000 dozen, up to 14,000, 39,000, 100,000, 1.3 million and from 1.3 million to 270 million). Almost the whole state is coloured; the darkest tones form patches in the centre-west, around Bastos, Tupã and Queiroz, in the centre and in the south-east, near Porto Feliz. Greater São Paulo and part of the coast are hatched, with no data, and grey municipalities, with zero production, are scattered across the west. Callout: Bastos, 270 million dozen, 21% of the state’s hen eggs. The panel shows columns of state production from 2008 to 2024, from 838 to 1,274 million dozen, and the five largest producers. — Fig. 071 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, CP2B (Unicamp)

São Paulo produced 1.27 billion dozen hen eggs in 2024, 52% more than in 2008 and 23.6% of Brazil’s total. Bastos alone, in the Marília region, produced 270 million dozen, one in five of the state’s eggs. With Tupã and its neighbours, the Marília region accounts for 42% of production, and the ten largest municipalities for 54%. Even so, 540 municipalities report some production, and eggs appear across almost the whole map; only Greater São Paulo and the coast lack data. Laying-hen manure is also a residue: by the CP2B method it could yield 296,000 m³ of biomethane a day across the state, 62,600 of them in Bastos. Quail eggs went the other way, falling from 82.8 to 37.3 million dozen. First plate of the collection “Milk, eggs, honey and fish”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: hen egg production in 2008 and 2024 (thousand dozen), data status in 2024 and laying-hen biomethane
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Livestock Survey (PPM), table 74: animal products (2008 a 2024)
CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Hen egg production from PPM 2024 by municipality in six quantile classes; state series from 2008 to 2024; biomethane potential of laying-hen manure at the accessible level of the CP2B method.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Ovos: um em cada cinco ovos paulistas sai de Bastos [Eggs: One in five of São Paulo’s eggs comes from Bastos] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/071-ovos-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_ovos_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Ovos: Um em cada cinco ovos paulistas sai de Bastos},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/071-ovos-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Eggs: One in five of São Paulo’s eggs comes from Bastos. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 048 Land use From field to biomethane 4/5

Maize and soybean

Soybean overtook maize, and the straw stayed on the ground

Three maps of São Paulo state and a chart. The first shows harvested soybean area in 2024 as a share of territory, in six classes from cream to brown; dark brown covers the south-west, the south and the north-east of the state. The second shows maize, from pale yellow to olive green, darker in the south-west and south. The third shows, in teal, the biomethane that maize and soybean straw could give per day, with Itapeva and Buri named in the south-west. In the fourth panel, two lines from 2008 to 2024: soybean rises from about 500,000 to 1.36 million hectares and crosses maize, which hovers around 800,000, in 2017, marked with a circle. — Fig. 048 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, CP2B (Unicamp)

In 2008, São Paulo harvested 525,940 hectares of soybean and 965,907 of maize. In 2024, 1.36 million hectares of soybean, 2.6 times more, and 723,128 of maize, 25% less; soybean overtook maize in 2017. It spread from 304 to 483 municipalities and grew above all in the south of the state. In the Sorocaba region the area went from 82,000 to 468,000 hectares, and Itapeva is the largest grower of both grains. In Ibirarema and Salto Grande, harvested soybean covers almost two thirds of the municipality. The straw of both grains could give 1.03 million m³ of biomethane a day under the CP2B method, 41% of it in the Sorocaba region. That is what remains after leaving on the field the share that protects the soil. Fourth plate of the collection “From field to biomethane”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: harvested area and production of soybean and maize in 2008 and 2024, share of territory in 2024 (%) and straw biomethane (m³/day)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Agricultural Production (PAM), table 1612: temporary crops (2008 a 2024)
CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Harvested soybean and maize area from PAM 2024 divided by municipal area, in six quantile classes; straw biomethane potential at the accessible level of the CP2B method, in six quantile classes.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23539833

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Milho e soja: a soja passou o milho, e a palha ficou no chão [Maize and soybean: Soybean overtook maize, and the straw stayed on the ground] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539833

@dataset{cerejo2026_milho_e_soja_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Milho e soja: A soja passou o milho, e a palha ficou no chão},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23539833},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539833},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Maize and soybean: Soybean overtook maize, and the straw stayed on the ground. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 047 Land use From field to biomethane 3/5

The orange belt

The grove in the field, the bagasse at the mill

Map of São Paulo state with municipalities coloured by orange production in 2024, in six classes from cream to dark red (up to 360 tonnes, up to 3,600, 11,000, 25,000, 64,000 and from 64,000 to 550,000). Dark red forms an arc from the north, near Colômbia, through the centre to the south-west, where Botucatu, Avaré and Iaras cluster; the west, the Paraíba valley and the coast are almost empty. Orange stripes mark the 82 municipalities that harvested oranges in 2008 and no longer do, scattered along the edges of the belt. Fourteen teal circles, sized by the biomethane the bagasse could give, sit in the centre-north of the state, around Matão, Araraquara and Bebedouro, away from the largest groves. Callouts: Casa Branca, 550,000 tonnes, the largest grower; Matão, 22,752 m³ a day, where oranges become juice. — Fig. 047 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, CP2B (Unicamp)

São Paulo harvested 12.0 million tonnes of oranges in 2024, from 354,562 hectares. In 2008 it was 14.5 million tonnes from 592,566 hectares: the area fell by 40%, and each hectare now gives 34 tonnes instead of 25. The belt has also moved south-west. The Araraquara region harvested 3.4 million tonnes and now harvests 1.2; the Sorocaba region rose from 1.0 to 2.4 million and is the state’s largest. Casa Branca leads, with 550,000 tonnes, followed by Botucatu and Avaré, and 82 municipalities have given up oranges. The bagasse, however, stays where the fruit becomes juice. The CP2B method places it in 14 municipalities with mills, and Matão, which harvests 108,000 tonnes, receives the largest potential: 22,752 m³ of biomethane a day, out of 101,834. Third plate of the collection “From field to biomethane”.

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At a glance

Layers

bagaco_nas_fabricas point 14 municipalities that receive the bagasse in the CP2B method, with the biomethane (m³/day)
municipios polygon 645 municipalities: harvested area and orange production in 2008 and 2024, share of territory, whether oranges were given up, and bagasse biomethane
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Agricultural Production (PAM), table 1613: permanent crops (2008 a 2024)
CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Orange production from PAM 2024 by municipality in six quantile classes; stripes where there was harvested area in 2008 and none in 2024; circles with the bagasse biomethane potential at the accessible level of the CP2B method, allocated to the juice mills.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23539808

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Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O cinturão da laranja: o pomar no campo, o bagaço na fábrica [The orange belt: The grove in the field, the bagasse at the mill] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539808

@dataset{cerejo2026_laranja_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O cinturão da laranja: O pomar no campo, o bagaço na fábrica},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23539808},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539808},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The orange belt: The grove in the field, the bagasse at the mill. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 046 Land use From field to biomethane 2/5

Cane: 2008 × 2024

In sixteen years, the patch moved west

Three maps of São Paulo state and a notes panel. The top two show, for 2008 and 2024, the share of each municipality’s territory harvested as cane, in six classes from cream to dark green (up to 5%, 5 to 15%, 15 to 30%, 30 to 45%, 45 to 60% and over 60%). In 2008 the dark green is concentrated in the north-east of the state; in 2024 the middle tones also spread across the west and north-west. The third map shows the change in percentage points, from brown (loss of more than 10 points) to blue-green (gain of more than 20): the west and north-west turn green, and brown patches appear in the centre and around Campinas. Balbinos and São João do Pau d’Alho, the largest gains, and Nova Odessa, the largest loss, are named. — Fig. 046 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

In 2008, São Paulo’s cane fields were harvested over 4.53 million hectares; in 2024, over 5.40 million, 19% more, and cane went from 18.3% to 21.7% of the state’s territory. Harvested area peaked in 2017, at 5.69 million hectares, and has been slowly receding since. The plate sets the two years side by side, with the same classes, and maps the difference: 150 municipalities gained more than 10 percentage points of territory under cane, 104 of them in the São José do Rio Preto, Araçatuba and Presidente Prudente regions, in the west; Rancharia harvested 47,812 hectares more. The Campinas region was the only one to lose much: 63,632 hectares fewer, with the steepest falls in Nova Odessa and Sumaré. Second plate of the collection “From field to biomethane”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: harvested area and production of cane in 2008 and 2024, share of territory in each year (%) and change (p.p.)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Agricultural Production (PAM), table 1612: temporary crops (2008 a 2024)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Harvested cane area from PAM in 2008 and 2024 divided by municipal area, in the same six classes for both years; the change is given in percentage points of territory.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23539788

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Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Cana: 2008 × 2024: em dezesseis anos, a mancha andou para o oeste [Cane: 2008 × 2024: In sixteen years, the patch moved west] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539788

@dataset{cerejo2026_cana_2008_2024_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Cana: 2008 × 2024: Em dezesseis anos, a mancha andou para o oeste},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23539788},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539788},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Cane: 2008 × 2024: In sixteen years, the patch moved west. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 045 Land use From field to biomethane 1/5

The farming patchwork

Almost a quarter of the state is sugarcane

Map of São Paulo state with land use and land cover in 2024, in eleven colours. The light green of sugarcane covers almost all of the centre and north of the state, most continuous around Ribeirão Preto. The light brown of soybean and other annual crops forms patches in the south, from Itapeva to Assis. The straw yellow of pasture and the cream of the mosaic of uses prevail in the west and in the Paraíba valley. Orange patches of citrus are scattered across the centre-north, and the dark brown of coffee appears in the north-east, near Franca. The greyish green of native vegetation fills the Serra do Mar and the Ribeira valley, in the south-east; the grey of the cities marks Greater São Paulo, and the blue of the reservoirs traces the Tietê and Paraná rivers. Callouts: Dumont, 80% in sugarcane; Itapeva, 664 km² of soybean and other annual crops. — Fig. 045 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: MapBiomas, IBGE

In 2024, 72% of São Paulo’s territory was cropland, pasture, tree plantation or a mosaic of these uses, according to MapBiomas. Sugarcane is the largest class: 58,000 km², almost a quarter of the state, and the leading use in 255 of the 645 municipalities. In the Ribeirão Preto region it covers half the land, and in Dumont, 80%. Soybean and other annual crops add up to 7%, mostly in the south, in the Marília region and around Itapeva. Pasture, at 15%, dominates the west: it covers 36% of the Presidente Prudente region. Oranges, coffee and other perennial crops take up less than 2%. Native vegetation, 22% of the state, lies mostly in the Serra do Mar and the Ribeira valley. First plate of the collection “From field to biomethane”, which follows the crops to the gas their residues could give.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: area (km²) and share of the municipality (%) of each of the eleven classes, total of farming uses and class with the largest area
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: MapBiomas — Collection 10 of the Annual Series of Land Use and Land Cover Maps of Brazil, 2024 (2024)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · rasterio · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: MapBiomas 2024 classification (Collection 10), 30 m pixels, grouped into eleven classes; areas by municipality counted on the 30 m pixels, on the GRS80 ellipsoid; map drawn with the most frequent class in blocks of 4 × 4 pixels (120 m).
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23539779

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Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O tabuleiro agrícola: quase um quarto do estado é cana [The farming patchwork: Almost a quarter of the state is sugarcane] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539779

@dataset{cerejo2026_tabuleiro_agricola_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O tabuleiro agrícola: Quase um quarto do estado é cana},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23539779},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539779},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The farming patchwork: Almost a quarter of the state is sugarcane. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 032 Land use Campinas Metropolitan Region 1/4

Land use and land cover

Between cane and city, islands of forest

Map of the 20 municipalities of the Campinas Metropolitan Region, in transverse Mercator projection, covered pixel by pixel by the MapBiomas 2024 classification. The dark grey of urban areas forms a continuous axis from Americana and Santa Bárbara d'Oeste to Campinas, Valinhos and Vinhedo, with another patch at Indaiatuba. The ochre of sugarcane dominates the west; the cream of the mosaic of uses and the straw yellow of pasture cover the east, dotted with the dark green of forest in Morungaba, Itatiba and Pedreira. A callout points to the largest forest fragment, 8.6 km², in Itatiba. In the panel, a strip splits the region’s area into the ten classes, and bars show the urban share of six municipalities. — Fig. 032 Campinas Metropolitan Region (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: MapBiomas, IBGE

The grey patch of the city already covers 21.1% of the 3,791 km² of the Campinas Metropolitan Region, and 72.6% of Hortolândia. To the west, sugarcane takes half of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste (49.3%) and 39.7% of Cosmópolis. To the east, in the hills of Morungaba, Itatiba and Pedreira, the forest holds out in islands: 7,743 forest fragments, only 31 of them larger than 1 km². The largest, in Itatiba, covers 8.6 km². The most common class is none of these but the mosaic of uses (29.3%): pastures, small fields and country plots that the satellite cannot tell apart at 30 m. First plate of the collection “Campinas Metropolitan Region”.

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At a glance

Layers

cobertura_2024 raster GeoTIFF of the 2024 classification clipped to the region, with the original MapBiomas codes and the plate’s palette in a .qml style
municipios polygon 20 municipalities: area and km² and % of each of the ten classes
limite_rmc polygon Outline of the region

Metadata

Sources: MapBiomas — Collection 10 of the annual land cover and land use maps of Brazil (2024)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: Campinas Metropolitan Region (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · rasterio · GeoPandas · SciPy · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: MapBiomas Collection 10 classification for 2024, 30 m pixels, grouped into ten classes; each pixel’s area measured on the ellipsoid and summed for the region and for each municipality.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23539003

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Uso e cobertura da terra: entre a cana e a cidade, ilhas de mata [Land use and land cover: Between cane and city, islands of forest] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539003

@dataset{cerejo2026_uso_da_terra_rmc,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Uso e cobertura da terra: Entre a cana e a cidade, ilhas de mata},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23539003},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539003},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Land use and land cover: Between cane and city, islands of forest. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 030 Land use Bioenergy in São Paulo 3/4

Sugarcane

A green sea over a fifth of the state

Map of São Paulo state with municipalities coloured by the share of their territory under harvested cane in 2024, in six classes of the viridis palette, from yellow (up to 4.1%) to dark purple (51% to 82.1%). A continuous purple patch covers the north and centre of the state; the east, the Ribeira valley and Greater São Paulo are yellow, grey (zero) or hatched (no data). The five largest producers are named: Morro Agudo, Barretos, Guaíra, Jaboticabal and Rancharia. — Fig. 030 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

In 2024, São Paulo’s cane fields were harvested over 5.40 million hectares, 21.7% of the state, and yielded 418.6 million tonnes of cane. In 88 municipalities the harvested area exceeds half the territory; in Areiópolis it reaches 82%, and in Jaboticabal 81%. The map shows the dark patch that covers the north and centre of the state and has Morro Agudo as its largest producer (7.0 million tonnes), and it shows where the patch ends: in the Paraíba valley, the Ribeira valley and Greater São Paulo, cane all but disappears. Every tonne harvested leaves bagasse and straw, and every litre of ethanol leaves vinasse; this is the map São Paulo’s bioenergy rests on. Third plate of the collection “Bioenergy in São Paulo”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: harvested area (ha), production (t), share of territory (%) and yield (t/ha)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Agricultural Production (PAM), table 1612: temporary crops (2024)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Harvested area and production of sugarcane from PAM 2024 joined to the Municipal Mesh by IBGE code; harvested area divided by municipal area, in six quantile classes.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23538956

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Cana-de-açúcar: um mar verde sobre um quinto do estado [Sugarcane: A green sea over a fifth of the state] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23538956

@dataset{cerejo2026_cana_de_acucar_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Cana-de-açúcar: Um mar verde sobre um quinto do estado},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23538956},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23538956},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Sugarcane: A green sea over a fifth of the state. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}