Leite: Em quase todo o estado, no menor volume da série

Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura

No. 072 Land use Milk, eggs, honey and fish 2/5

Milk

Almost everywhere, at the lowest volume on record

Record, downloads and citation

Map of São Paulo state with municipalities coloured by cow’s milk production in 2024, in six classes from pale bluish grey to navy (up to 180,000 litres, up to 500,000, 1.1 million, 2 million, 3.9 million and from 3.9 million to 41.5 million). Almost the whole state is coloured. Dark blue covers much of the west and north-west, the north-eastern border with Minas Gerais and the Paraíba valley to the eastern tip; the centre, Greater São Paulo and the south of the state are lighter, and the capital and part of the coast are hatched, with no data. Callout: Tapiratiba, 41.5 million litres, the largest producer, with 2.8% of the state’s milk. The panel shows columns of state production from 2008 to 2024, with the peak of 1,768 million litres in 2015 and 1,505 in 2024, and the five largest producers. — Fig. 072 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, CP2B (Unicamp)

São Paulo produced 1.51 billion litres of cow’s milk in 2024, the lowest volume since 2008. The peak came in 2015, at 1.77 billion; since then production has fallen by 15%, while Brazil’s rose to 35.7 billion litres. The state’s share went from 5.8% in 2008 to 4.2%. Milk is the most widespread animal product in the state: 603 of the 645 municipalities report some, and the ten largest add up to only 18%. Tapiratiba, in the north-east, leads with 41.5 million litres, 2.8% of the total, followed by Araras, Descalvado and Cunha. The darkest tones appear in the west, the north-east and the Paraíba valley, where Cunha and São Luiz do Paraitinga are among the six largest. The Campinas and São José dos Campos regions produce a third of the state’s milk. Second plate of the collection “Milk, eggs, honey and fish”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: milk production in 2008 and 2024 (thousand litres), data status in 2024 and dairy-cattle biomethane
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Livestock Survey (PPM), table 74: animal products (2008 a 2024)
CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Cow’s milk production from PPM 2024 by municipality in six quantile classes; state series from 2008 to 2024; biomethane potential of dairy-cattle manure (in the files only) at the accessible level of the CP2B method.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Leite: em quase todo o estado, no menor volume da série [Milk: Almost everywhere, at the lowest volume on record] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/072-leite-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_leite_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Leite: Em quase todo o estado, no menor volume da série},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/072-leite-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Milk: Almost everywhere, at the lowest volume on record. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

How to read this plate area, projection, scale, legend and source · 1 terms

1 Area: São Paulo state (SP) The area the plate covers. Outside it, neighbours and sea are drawn in grey, just for orientation.
2 Coordinates and projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674) The layers are in SIRGAS 2000; the drawing’s projection is written in the colophon at the foot of the panel.
3 Scale: Graphic scale bar in the panel The scale bar is true on the central meridian; away from it, measured distances vary a little.
4 Legend and layers: 3 layers in the GeoPackage · polygon Read the legend before the map: it tells you whether a colour is a rate or a class, and whether a circle is a total.
5 Sources: IBGE (2008 a 2024); CP2B (Unicamp) (2026); IBGE (2025) Every figure comes from a public source, with its year. The data sheet gives each one’s address.

Terms on this plate

Biomethane: Biogas upgraded, with most of the CO₂ removed, to ANP’s specification, at which point it replaces natural gas in the pipeline, in industry and in the lorry’s tank.

Anatomy of a plate Full glossary

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Layers, table and figures, under CC BY 4.0. Cite with the DOI.

Full record and citation

Method notes · No. 072

Milk in São Paulo, 2024

Português · English

Plate No. 072, the second of five in the collection Milk, eggs, honey and fish: the animal product found in almost every municipality, and shrinking since 2015.

What the files contain

Layer (GPKG)	Geometry	Contents
`municipios`	polygon	645 municipalities: `CD_MUN`, `NM_MUN`, intermediate region, `producao_2008` and `producao_2024` (thousand litres of cow’s milk), `situacao_2024` (`valor`, `zero`, `nao_disponivel` or `fora_da_tabela`) and `biometano_m3_dia`
`regioes_intermediarias`	polygon	11 intermediate geographic regions
`limite_estadual`	polygon	outline of the state

The GPKG is zipped and attached to the animal-sp-2026 release. The municipios layer opens in QGIS with the plate’s classes (style producao).

The CSV holds the municipal table, in UTF-8, without geometry. An empty cell means no data; 0 means zero.

Method

Table 74 of the Municipal Livestock Survey on SIDRA: Animal products, product Milk (thousand litres), years 2008 to 2024, municipal level, São Paulo state. Brazil’s total, for the state’s share, adds up every municipality in the country in the same table.
2024 production in six quantile classes of the municipalities with positive production, with limits rounded to two significant figures.
Data status: zero where IBGE publishes a dash; nao_disponivel where it publishes “X” or “…”; fora_da_tabela where the municipality is missing.
Biomethane (files only): potential of the dairy-cattle manure substrate in the CP2B method v5.1 (Unicamp, version of 24/09/2026), reference scenario, level N4 (accessible), in m³ of biomethane equivalent per day. Across the state it adds up to 66,965 m³/day.

Limitations

PPM is an IBGE municipal estimate based on local informants, not a count of farms or of milk delivered to dairies.
32 municipalities have no data in 2024, almost all in Greater São Paulo and on the coast.
The CP2B biomethane is not calculated from the milk volume on this plate, and the order of municipalities in the two columns differs.

Data licence

Open data from IBGE, free to use with attribution. The CP2B (Unicamp) potential is published here with the centre’s permission; cite “CP2B (Unicamp), method v5.1, 2026”.

View this map’s folder on GitHub