O cinturão da laranja: O pomar no campo, o bagaço na fábrica

Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura

doi:10.5281/zenodo.23539808

No. 047 Land use From field to biomethane 3/5

The orange belt

The grove in the field, the bagasse at the mill

Record, downloads and citation

Map of São Paulo state with municipalities coloured by orange production in 2024, in six classes from cream to dark red (up to 360 tonnes, up to 3,600, 11,000, 25,000, 64,000 and from 64,000 to 550,000). Dark red forms an arc from the north, near Colômbia, through the centre to the south-west, where Botucatu, Avaré and Iaras cluster; the west, the Paraíba valley and the coast are almost empty. Orange stripes mark the 82 municipalities that harvested oranges in 2008 and no longer do, scattered along the edges of the belt. Fourteen teal circles, sized by the biomethane the bagasse could give, sit in the centre-north of the state, around Matão, Araraquara and Bebedouro, away from the largest groves. Callouts: Casa Branca, 550,000 tonnes, the largest grower; Matão, 22,752 m³ a day, where oranges become juice. — Fig. 047 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, CP2B (Unicamp)

São Paulo harvested 12.0 million tonnes of oranges in 2024, from 354,562 hectares. In 2008 it was 14.5 million tonnes from 592,566 hectares: the area fell by 40%, and each hectare now gives 34 tonnes instead of 25. The belt has also moved south-west. The Araraquara region harvested 3.4 million tonnes and now harvests 1.2; the Sorocaba region rose from 1.0 to 2.4 million and is the state’s largest. Casa Branca leads, with 550,000 tonnes, followed by Botucatu and Avaré, and 82 municipalities have given up oranges. The bagasse, however, stays where the fruit becomes juice. The CP2B method places it in 14 municipalities with mills, and Matão, which harvests 108,000 tonnes, receives the largest potential: 22,752 m³ of biomethane a day, out of 101,834. Third plate of the collection “From field to biomethane”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

bagaco_nas_fabricas point 14 municipalities that receive the bagasse in the CP2B method, with the biomethane (m³/day)
municipios polygon 645 municipalities: harvested area and orange production in 2008 and 2024, share of territory, whether oranges were given up, and bagasse biomethane
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Agricultural Production (PAM), table 1613: permanent crops (2008 a 2024)
CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Orange production from PAM 2024 by municipality in six quantile classes; stripes where there was harvested area in 2008 and none in 2024; circles with the bagasse biomethane potential at the accessible level of the CP2B method, allocated to the juice mills.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23539808

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O cinturão da laranja: o pomar no campo, o bagaço na fábrica [The orange belt: The grove in the field, the bagasse at the mill] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539808

@dataset{cerejo2026_laranja_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O cinturão da laranja: O pomar no campo, o bagaço na fábrica},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23539808},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539808},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The orange belt: The grove in the field, the bagasse at the mill. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

How to read this plate area, projection, scale, legend and source · 3 terms

1 Area: São Paulo state (SP) The area the plate covers. Outside it, neighbours and sea are drawn in grey, just for orientation.
2 Coordinates and projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674) The layers are in SIRGAS 2000; the drawing’s projection is written in the colophon at the foot of the panel.
3 Scale: Graphic scale bar in the panel The scale bar is true on the central meridian; away from it, measured distances vary a little.
4 Legend and layers: 4 layers in the GeoPackage · point, polygon Read the legend before the map: it tells you whether a colour is a rate or a class, and whether a circle is a total.
5 Sources: IBGE (2008 a 2024); CP2B (Unicamp) (2026); IBGE (2025) Every figure comes from a public source, with its year. The data sheet gives each one’s address.

Terms on this plate

Harvest year: Cane years are not calendar years: in the Centre-South the harvest runs from April to March; in the Northeast, from September to August. That is why the two regions crush in opposite months.
Bagasse: The fibre left after crushing. Burnt in the boilers, it makes the mill’s own steam and electricity; the surplus goes to the grid.
Biomethane: Biogas upgraded, with most of the CO₂ removed, to ANP’s specification, at which point it replaces natural gas in the pipeline, in industry and in the lorry’s tank.

Anatomy of a plate Full glossary

Download

Layers, table and figures, under CC BY 4.0. Cite with the DOI.

Full record and citation

Method notes · No. 047

Oranges in São Paulo, 2024, and the biomethane in the bagasse

Português · English

Plate No. 047, the third of six in the collection From field to biomethane: the crop whose residue does not stay in the grove, but at the juice mill.

What the files contain

Layer (GPKG)	Geometry	Contents
`bagaco_nas_fabricas`	point	14 municipalities that receive the bagasse in the CP2B method: `CD_MUN`, `NM_MUN`, `producao_2024_t` and `biometano_m3_dia`; one point inside each municipality
`municipios`	polygon	645 municipalities: `CD_MUN`, `NM_MUN`, intermediate region, `area_km2`, `area_2008_ha`, `producao_2008_t`, `area_2024_ha`, `producao_2024_t`, `pct_area` (harvested area in 2024 ÷ municipal area, in %), `deixou` (harvested in 2008, not in 2024) and `biometano_m3_dia`
`regioes_intermediarias`	polygon	11 intermediate geographic regions
`limite_estadual`	polygon	outline of the state

The GPKG is zipped and attached to the agro-sp-2026 release. The municipios layer carries three QGIS styles: producao (the default), biometano and deixou; the point layer opens with the plate’s proportional circles.

The CSV holds the municipal table, in UTF-8, without geometry. An empty cell means no data; 0 means zero.

Method

Table 1613 of the Municipal Agricultural Production survey on SIDRA: Harvested area (hectares) and Quantity produced (tonnes), product Orange, years 2008 to 2024, municipal level, São Paulo state. The panel’s columns add up the state’s harvested area year by year.
2024 production in six quantile classes of the municipalities with positive production, with limits rounded to two significant figures.
Stripes: municipalities with harvested area above zero in 2008 and equal to zero in 2024.
Biomethane: potential of the orange bagasse substrate in the CP2B method v5.1 (Unicamp, version of 24/09/2026), reference scenario, level N4 (accessible), in m³ of biomethane equivalent per day. The method starts from the oranges harvested across the state and allocates the bagasse to the juice mills; that is why the circles sit where the mills are, not the groves.
State yield = production ÷ harvested area, in tonnes per hectare.

Limitations

The CP2B potential is modelled, not measured: it is the biomethane the bagasse would give if digested, after deducting the uses already competing for it (feed, pectin, essential oil) and collection losses.
The allocation to mills is the method’s and may not match each mill’s current capacity.
77 municipalities have no data in the 2024 PAM, most of them in Greater São Paulo and on the coast.
PAM counts groves in production; young trees not yet bearing fruit are not in the harvested area.

Data licence

Open data from IBGE, free to use with attribution. The CP2B (Unicamp) potential is published here with the centre’s permission; cite “CP2B (Unicamp), method v5.1, 2026”.

View this map’s folder on GitHub