Cana: 2008 × 2024: Em dezesseis anos, a mancha andou para o oeste

Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura

doi:10.5281/zenodo.23539788

No. 046 Land use From field to biomethane 2/5

Cane: 2008 × 2024

In sixteen years, the patch moved west

Record, downloads and citation

Three maps of São Paulo state and a notes panel. The top two show, for 2008 and 2024, the share of each municipality’s territory harvested as cane, in six classes from cream to dark green (up to 5%, 5 to 15%, 15 to 30%, 30 to 45%, 45 to 60% and over 60%). In 2008 the dark green is concentrated in the north-east of the state; in 2024 the middle tones also spread across the west and north-west. The third map shows the change in percentage points, from brown (loss of more than 10 points) to blue-green (gain of more than 20): the west and north-west turn green, and brown patches appear in the centre and around Campinas. Balbinos and São João do Pau d’Alho, the largest gains, and Nova Odessa, the largest loss, are named. — Fig. 046 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

In 2008, São Paulo’s cane fields were harvested over 4.53 million hectares; in 2024, over 5.40 million, 19% more, and cane went from 18.3% to 21.7% of the state’s territory. Harvested area peaked in 2017, at 5.69 million hectares, and has been slowly receding since. The plate sets the two years side by side, with the same classes, and maps the difference: 150 municipalities gained more than 10 percentage points of territory under cane, 104 of them in the São José do Rio Preto, Araçatuba and Presidente Prudente regions, in the west; Rancharia harvested 47,812 hectares more. The Campinas region was the only one to lose much: 63,632 hectares fewer, with the steepest falls in Nova Odessa and Sumaré. Second plate of the collection “From field to biomethane”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: harvested area and production of cane in 2008 and 2024, share of territory in each year (%) and change (p.p.)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Agricultural Production (PAM), table 1612: temporary crops (2008 a 2024)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Harvested cane area from PAM in 2008 and 2024 divided by municipal area, in the same six classes for both years; the change is given in percentage points of territory.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23539788

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Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Cana: 2008 × 2024: em dezesseis anos, a mancha andou para o oeste [Cane: 2008 × 2024: In sixteen years, the patch moved west] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539788

@dataset{cerejo2026_cana_2008_2024_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Cana: 2008 × 2024: Em dezesseis anos, a mancha andou para o oeste},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23539788},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539788},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Cane: 2008 × 2024: In sixteen years, the patch moved west. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

How to read this plate area, projection, scale, legend and source · 2 terms

1 Area: São Paulo state (SP) The area the plate covers. Outside it, neighbours and sea are drawn in grey, just for orientation.
2 Coordinates and projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674) The layers are in SIRGAS 2000; the drawing’s projection is written in the colophon at the foot of the panel.
3 Scale: Graphic scale bar in the panel The scale bar is true on the central meridian; away from it, measured distances vary a little.
4 Legend and layers: 3 layers in the GeoPackage · polygon Read the legend before the map: it tells you whether a colour is a rate or a class, and whether a circle is a total.
5 Sources: IBGE (2008 a 2024); IBGE (2025) Every figure comes from a public source, with its year. The data sheet gives each one’s address.

Terms on this plate

Harvest year: Cane years are not calendar years: in the Centre-South the harvest runs from April to March; in the Northeast, from September to August. That is why the two regions crush in opposite months.
Biomethane: Biogas upgraded, with most of the CO₂ removed, to ANP’s specification, at which point it replaces natural gas in the pipeline, in industry and in the lorry’s tank.

Anatomy of a plate Full glossary

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Layers, table and figures, under CC BY 4.0. Cite with the DOI.

Full record and citation

Method notes · No. 046

Sugarcane in São Paulo, 2008 and 2024

Português · English

Plate No. 046, the second of six in the collection From field to biomethane: before measuring the gas the residues could give, a look at how the crop that leaves the most residue has moved across the state.

What the files contain

Layer (GPKG)	Geometry	Contents
`municipios`	polygon	645 municipalities: `CD_MUN`, `NM_MUN`, intermediate region, `area_km2`, `area_2008_ha`, `area_2024_ha`, `producao_2008_t`, `producao_2024_t`, `pct_2008` and `pct_2024` (harvested area ÷ municipal area, in %) and `var_pp` (change, in percentage points)
`regioes_intermediarias`	polygon	11 intermediate geographic regions
`limite_estadual`	polygon	outline of the state

The GPKG is zipped and attached to the agro-sp-2026 release, together with those of the other plates in the collection.

The municipios layer carries three QGIS styles: parte_2024 (the default), parte_2008 and variacao. To switch, open the layer properties and pick the style under Style › Styles.

The CSV holds the same table, in UTF-8, without geometry. An empty cell means no data; 0 means zero as declared by IBGE.

Method

Table 1612 of the Municipal Agricultural Production survey on SIDRA: Harvested area (hectares) and Quantity produced (tonnes), product Sugarcane, years 2008 to 2024, municipal level, São Paulo state.
Joined to IBGE’s 2025 Municipal Mesh by the seven-digit code. The state has the same 645 municipalities in both years.
Share of territory = harvested area ÷ (official municipal area × 100), in %. Fixed classes, the same on both maps: up to 5%, 5 to 15%, 15 to 30%, 30 to 45%, 45 to 60% and above 60%.
Change = share in 2024 − share in 2008, in percentage points, in six classes: loss of more than 10, loss of 3 to 10, stable (±3), gain of 3 to 10, of 10 to 20 and of more than 20.
The panel’s columns add up the state’s harvested area year by year, from 2008 to 2024.

Limitations

Harvested area is not planted area: fields being replanted or not cut in the year are left out.
The 2025 municipal area is used for both years; boundary changes between municipalities since 2008 are not corrected.
53 municipalities have no data in 2008 and 45 in 2024, most of them in Greater São Paulo and on the Santos coast; the change is computed only where both years exist.
In small municipalities, a few thousand hectares shift many percentage points. That is why the panel lists the largest gains in points, and the factsheet the largest in hectares.
The plate does not say what was there before the cane or what replaced it; that takes a land use and land cover map.

Data licence

Open data from IBGE, free to use with attribution.

View this map’s folder on GitHub