Idade e sexo: O noroeste envelhece, a metrópole é jovem e os presídios são homens

Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura

doi:10.5281/zenodo.23540341

No. 064 Census · income People across the land 2/4

Age and sex

The north-west grows old, the metropolis is young and prisons are men

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Three maps of São Paulo’s municipalities and an age pyramid. Median age, in greens, is highest in the north-west, with a callout to Turmalina, 51. The ageing index, in blues, darkens in the north-west and pales in Greater São Paulo, with a callout to Itapevi, 32. The sex ratio, from plum (more women) to dark blue (more men), is a mosaic, with a callout to Balbinos, 444 men per 100 women. The state’s pyramid has a narrow base and its bulk between 35 and 44. In the panel, the oldest and youngest municipalities and those with most men per woman, with the share of residents in collective dwellings. — Fig. 064 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

The median age in São Paulo is 36: half the people are younger, half older. But the state is ageing unevenly. In the north-west, in small towns such as Turmalina (51), Floreal and Santana da Ponte Pensa (47), there are already more people aged 65 or over than children up to 14: 90 municipalities are like this. In Greater São Paulo the index falls to 32 in Itapevi, three children per older person. In 446 of the 645 municipalities there are more women than men; Santos has 83 men per 100 women. The sex ratio map has dark blue patches: Balbinos has 444 men per 100 women, and 65% of its residents live in collective dwellings. Of the 29 towns with over 10% of their people in such dwellings, prisons among them, 27 exceed 110 men per 100 women. Second plate of the collection “People across the land”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: people, men, women, median age, ageing index, sex ratio, aged up to 14 and 60 or over, urban and rural households and residents, residents outside private households
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2022 Population Census: table 9514 (resident population by sex and age) (2022)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census: table 9515 (ageing index, median age and sex ratio) (2022)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census: table 9922 (households and residents by urban/rural status) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Median age, ageing index (people aged 65 or over per 100 aged up to 14) and sex ratio (men per 100 women) of the resident population by municipality, from SIDRA 9515, in six classes each; the state’s pyramid from SIDRA 9514; residents outside occupied permanent private households = population (9514) minus residents of those households (9922).
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540341

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Idade e sexo: o noroeste envelhece, a metrópole é jovem e os presídios são homens [Age and sex: The north-west grows old, the metropolis is young and prisons are men] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540341

@dataset{cerejo2026_idade_e_sexo_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Idade e sexo: O noroeste envelhece, a metrópole é jovem e os presídios são homens},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540341},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540341},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Age and sex: The north-west grows old, the metropolis is young and prisons are men. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

How to read this plate area, projection, scale, legend and source

1 Area: São Paulo State (SP) The area the plate covers. Outside it, neighbours and sea are drawn in grey, just for orientation.
2 Coordinates and projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674) The layers are in SIRGAS 2000; the drawing’s projection is written in the colophon at the foot of the panel.
3 Scale: Graphic scale bar in the panel The scale bar is true on the central meridian; away from it, measured distances vary a little.
4 Legend and layers: 3 layers in the GeoPackage · polygon Read the legend before the map: it tells you whether a colour is a rate or a class, and whether a circle is a total.
5 Sources: IBGE (2022); IBGE (2025) Every figure comes from a public source, with its year. The data sheet gives each one’s address.

Anatomy of a plate Full glossary

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Layers, table and figures, under CC BY 4.0. Cite with the DOI.

Full record and citation

Method notes · No. 064

Median age, ageing and sex ratio in São Paulo’s municipalities

Português · English

Plate No. 064, the second of four in the collection People across the land. The share of people aged 60 or over, tract by tract, is on plate 065.

What the files contain

Layer (GPKG)	Geometry	Content
`municipios`	polygon	645 municipalities: `pessoas` (people), `homens` (men), `mulheres` (women), `idade_mediana`, `indice_envelhecimento`, `razao_sexo`, `ate14`, `de60`, `pct_60_mais`, `dppo`, `dppo_urbana`, `dppo_rural` (occupied permanent private households), `moradores`, `moradores_urbana`, `moradores_rural` (their residents), `pct_rural` (from plate 066), `fora_dppo` and `pct_fora_dppo` (residents outside those households)
`regioes_intermediarias`, `limite_estadual`	polygon	reference

The municipios layer has four QGIS styles: idade_mediana, indice_envelhecimento, razao_sexo and moradores_rurais. The CSV has the same table, without geometry.

Method

SIDRA 9515: each municipality’s median age, ageing index and sex ratio, as IBGE publishes them. The index is the number of people aged 65 or over for every 100 aged up to 14.
Classes: median age up to 32, 33 to 35, 36 to 38, 39 to 41, 42 to 44 and 45 or over; index up to 50, 50 to 75, 75 to 100, 100 to 125, 125 to 150 and above; sex ratio up to 94, 94 to 97, 97 to 100, 100 to 103, 103 to 110 and over 110, on a diverging scale centred on 100.
Pyramid: SIDRA 9514, the state’s population by sex in five-year groups, with 90 or over together.
Residents outside occupied permanent private households: resident population (9514) minus the residents of those households (9922). They are mostly people in collective dwellings (prisons, care homes, barracks, lodgings) and in makeshift homes.

Limitations

The Census counts prisoners in the municipality of the prison. Where the prison population is large relative to the town, it dominates the sex ratio and lowers the share of older people.
These tables do not split collective dwellings by type; linking the sex ratio to prisons is a reading of the map, backed by the share of residents outside private households.
In very small municipalities, a few people shift the median age by a year.

View this map’s folder on GitHub