Maps · Sheet 4 — Essencial

No. 069 Census · income Favelas and urban communities 3/4

The favela street

No street light at the door: 15% in São Paulo’s favelas, 9% in Brazil’s

Three maps of São Paulo with the 92 municipalities that have favelas in six shades of brown and the rest in grey: the share of favela residents with no street lighting, on an unpaved street and with no pavement on their block face. Callouts point to Ribeirão Preto, with 51% without street lighting, Bertioga, with 80% on unpaved streets, and Cubatão, with 78% without a pavement. In the fourth frame, bars compare favela residents in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Brazil on six features of the surroundings. In the panel, the five municipalities with the largest share of residents lacking each feature. — Fig. 069 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

In the 2022 Census, the Urban Survey of Household Surroundings looked at the block face in front of each home. In São Paulo’s favelas, 15% of residents have no street lighting at the door, against 9% in the favelas of Rio and of Brazil as a whole. Paving is better than average: 19% live on an unpaved street, against 22% in Brazil. But 45% have no pavement to walk on, 56% no storm drain and 67% not a single tree on the block face, and for 22% the street only lets through motorbikes, bicycles or people on foot. Among the 34 municipalities with at least 10,000 favela residents, Ribeirão Preto leads on missing light, with 51% of residents in the dark; Bertioga on dirt roads, with 80%; and Cubatão on missing pavements, with 78%, ahead of Bertioga and Santos. The three maps share one frame: only the 92 municipalities with favelas.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: favela residents with surveyed surroundings and the shares without street lighting, paving, storm drains, pavement and trees, and on streets for motorbikes or pedestrians only
setores_fcu polygon 8,008 tracts in Favelas and Urban Communities
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2022 Population Census: table 10340 (residents of Favelas and Urban Communities by surroundings, by municipality) (2022)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census: table 10339 (the same, by federative unit) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Residents of Favelas and Urban Communities whose block face has no street lighting, paving or pavement over residents with the feature declared, by municipality, from SIDRA 10340, in six classes; municipalities without favelas shown apart.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540565

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Cerejo, L. N. (2026). A rua da favela: sem luz pública na porta: 15 % nas favelas paulistas, 9 % nas do país [The favela street: No street light at the door: 15% in São Paulo’s favelas, 9% in Brazil’s] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540565

@dataset{cerejo2026_entorno_das_favelas_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {A rua da favela: Sem luz pública na porta: 15 % nas favelas paulistas, 9 % nas do país},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540565},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540565},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The favela street: No street light at the door: 15% in São Paulo’s favelas, 9% in Brazil’s. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 068 Census · income Favelas and urban communities 2/4

The favelas of the metropolis

On the banks, the slopes and the mangroves

Map of Greater São Paulo and the Santos coast on a light grey background, with municipal boundaries in black and census tracts in favelas and urban communities in brown. The tracts form hundreds of small patches, densest in the south and east of the capital, in Guarulhos, the ABC towns, Osasco and the hills and mangroves of Santos, São Vicente, Cubatão and Guarujá. Callouts point to Paraisópolis, the state’s largest favela, with 59,000 residents, and Heliópolis, with 56,000. In the panel, the eight largest favelas as bars and the state’s favelas by size, from under 1,000 to over 10,000 residents. — Fig. 068 Greater São Paulo and the Santos coast (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

Seen tract by tract, the favelas of Greater São Paulo and the Santos coast are not one patch but hundreds of fragments on valley floors, hillsides and the edges of reservoirs, streams and mangroves. The map window, from Francisco Morato to Guarujá, holds 92% of the state’s favela residents, in 2,747 communities across 51 municipalities. The two largest are in the capital: Paraisópolis, with 59,000 residents, beside Morumbi, and Heliópolis, with 56,000, in the south, next to São Caetano do Sul. Then come Vila São Pedro, in São Bernardo do Campo, with 28,000, and Chafik/Macuco and Jardim Oratório, in Mauá. In the state, only 19 favelas exceed 10,000 residents, with 403,000 people between them; most are small: 2,167 have fewer than 1,000 residents, and the bulk of the population, 1.78 million, lives in the 876 with 1,000 to 5,000.

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At a glance

Layers

setores_fcu polygon 8,008 tracts in Favelas and Urban Communities: community code and name, municipality, people and occupied households
municipios polygon 645 municipalities: people, people in favelas, number of communities and population share
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2022 Population Census: census tract aggregates (basic characteristics), with the Favelas and Urban Communities identifier (2022)
IBGE — 2022 Census Tract Mesh (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: Greater São Paulo and the Santos coast (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Census tracts coded as a Favela or Urban Community in the 2022 Census aggregates, drawn over the municipal mesh; residents of each community = sum of people in its tracts.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540535

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Cerejo, L. N. (2026). As favelas da metrópole: nas margens, nas encostas e nos mangues [The favelas of the metropolis: On the banks, the slopes and the mangroves] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540535

@dataset{cerejo2026_favelas_na_metropole_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {As favelas da metrópole: Nas margens, nas encostas e nos mangues},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540535},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540535},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The favelas of the metropolis: On the banks, the slopes and the mangroves. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 067 Census · income Favelas and urban communities 1/4

Favelas and urban communities

One in twelve people in São Paulo, nearly all in the metropolis and on the coast

In 2022, 3.63 million people in São Paulo lived in tracts that IBGE classed as Favelas and Urban Communities: 8.2% of the population, one in twelve. There are 3,136 favelas and communities in 92 of the 645 municipalities. The capital has 1.73 million residents in them, nearly half the state’s total, in 1,363 communities: 15% of the city. By share of population, the coast leads: in Guarujá, 37% of residents live in favelas; in Cubatão, 33%; in São Sebastião, 30%. Outside the capital, the town with most people in favelas is Guarulhos, with 216,000, ahead of São Bernardo do Campo and Campinas. Inland, the exception is Campinas, with 12% of its population in favelas; in Ribeirão Preto it is 3%, in Sorocaba 2%. First plate of the collection “Favelas and urban communities”.

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At a glance

Layers

setores_fcu polygon 8,008 tracts in Favelas and Urban Communities: community code and name, municipality, people and occupied households
municipios polygon 645 municipalities: people, people in favelas, number of communities, population share, surroundings and income inside and outside
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2022 Population Census: census tract aggregates (basic characteristics), with the Favelas and Urban Communities identifier (2022)
IBGE — 2022 Census Tract Mesh (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: People in census tracts coded as a Favela or Urban Community over all people in each municipality, from the 2022 Census tract aggregates, in six classes; municipalities with no recorded favela shown apart.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540523

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Favelas e comunidades urbanas: um em cada doze paulistas, quase todos na metrópole e no litoral [Favelas and urban communities: One in twelve people in São Paulo, nearly all in the metropolis and on the coast] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540523

@dataset{cerejo2026_favelas_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Favelas e comunidades urbanas: Um em cada doze paulistas, quase todos na metrópole e no litoral},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540523},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540523},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Favelas and urban communities: One in twelve people in São Paulo, nearly all in the metropolis and on the coast. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 066 Census · income People across the land 4/4

Urban and rural

Three in every hundred people in São Paulo live in the countryside

Map of São Paulo’s municipalities in six shades, from cream to dark brown, by the share of residents in rural households. The south, the Ribeira Valley, the Serra do Mar and the Mantiqueira are dark brown; the centre-north and Greater São Paulo are pale. Callouts point to Pedra Bela, with 73% of residents in the countryside, and Mogi das Cruzes, with 27,000 rural residents. In the panel, the share of the state’s rural residents in each class, with the number of municipalities, bars by intermediate region, from 11% in Sorocaba to 0.7% in São Paulo, and the municipalities with most rural residents. — Fig. 066 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

Of the 44.1 million residents of private households in São Paulo, 1.30 million live in rural areas: 2.9%, three in every hundred. The state’s countryside is concentrated in the south and east: in the Sorocaba intermediate region, 11% of residents are rural; in Presidente Prudente, 8%; in São Paulo, 0.7%. The map darkens in the Ribeira Valley and the upper Paranapanema, the Mantiqueira and the Serra do Mar, where towns are small and homes scattered. Pedra Bela, on the border with Minas Gerais, has 73% of its residents in the countryside, and 14 municipalities have a rural majority. In numbers, the largest countryside is Mogi das Cruzes’s, with 27,000 rural residents, ahead of Ibiúna and Piedade; the capital has 16,000. Five municipalities in Greater São Paulo, and Águas de São Pedro, have none. Last plate of the collection “People across the land”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: urban and rural households and residents, rural share, age and sex (the same layer as plate 064)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2022 Population Census: table 9922 (households and residents by urban/rural status) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Residents of occupied permanent private households in rural areas over all residents of those households, by municipality, from SIDRA 9922, in six classes; municipalities with no rural residents shown apart.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540400

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Urbano e rural: três em cada cem paulistas moram no campo [Urban and rural: Three in every hundred people in São Paulo live in the countryside] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540400

@dataset{cerejo2026_urbano_e_rural_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Urbano e rural: Três em cada cem paulistas moram no campo},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540400},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540400},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Urban and rural: Three in every hundred people in São Paulo live in the countryside. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 065 Census · income People across the land 3/4

Those aged 60 and over

One in six people in São Paulo, and one in three in the small towns of the north-west

Map of São Paulo state with census tracts in six shades of blue, from near-white to petrol, by the share of residents aged 60 or over. The north-west and west are a dark mosaic; Greater São Paulo and the area around Campinas are paler, with dark dots. Confidential tracts are hatched. Callouts point to Águas de São Pedro, with 34%, and Cajamar, with 10.6%. In the panel, the share of population in each class and bars with the share aged 60 or over by intermediate region, from 20.1% in Presidente Prudente to 16.6% in São Paulo. — Fig. 065 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

In 2022, 7.65 million people in São Paulo were aged 60 or over: 17.2% of the population, one in six. Over a million were past 80. Tract by tract, the map shows where they live. The dark blue of tracts where over 30% are 60 or older, home to 3.4 million people, spreads across the north-west and west: in the Presidente Prudente region, 20.1% are 60 or over; in the São Paulo region, 16.6%. In small towns such as Turmalina, Nova Canaã Paulista and Santana da Ponte Pensa, almost one in three; in Águas de São Pedro, 34%, the highest share in the state. Cajamar, in Greater São Paulo, is the youngest of the towns of over 50,000 people, with 10.6%. Plate 064 shows median age and the ageing index by municipality. Third plate of the collection “People across the land”.

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At a glance

Layers

setores polygon 103,319 tracts: people by age group and 60-plus class (the same layer as plate 063)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2022 Population Census: census tract aggregates (demography) (2022)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census: table 9514 (resident population by sex and age) (2022)
IBGE — 2022 Census Tract Mesh (2022)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: People aged 60 to 69 and 70 or over as a share of each 2022 Census tract’s population, in six classes; confidential counts are worth 1 or 2, and a tract gets a class only when it is the same in both cases; state, municipal and regional totals from SIDRA 9514, without confidentiality.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540365

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Os de 60 anos ou mais: um em cada seis paulistas, e um em cada três nas cidades pequenas do noroeste [Those aged 60 and over: One in six people in São Paulo, and one in three in the small towns of the north-west] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540365

@dataset{cerejo2026_idosos_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Os de 60 anos ou mais: Um em cada seis paulistas, e um em cada três nas cidades pequenas do noroeste},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540365},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540365},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Those aged 60 and over: One in six people in São Paulo, and one in three in the small towns of the north-west. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 064 Census · income People across the land 2/4

Age and sex

The north-west grows old, the metropolis is young and prisons are men

Three maps of São Paulo’s municipalities and an age pyramid. Median age, in greens, is highest in the north-west, with a callout to Turmalina, 51. The ageing index, in blues, darkens in the north-west and pales in Greater São Paulo, with a callout to Itapevi, 32. The sex ratio, from plum (more women) to dark blue (more men), is a mosaic, with a callout to Balbinos, 444 men per 100 women. The state’s pyramid has a narrow base and its bulk between 35 and 44. In the panel, the oldest and youngest municipalities and those with most men per woman, with the share of residents in collective dwellings. — Fig. 064 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

The median age in São Paulo is 36: half the people are younger, half older. But the state is ageing unevenly. In the north-west, in small towns such as Turmalina (51), Floreal and Santana da Ponte Pensa (47), there are already more people aged 65 or over than children up to 14: 90 municipalities are like this. In Greater São Paulo the index falls to 32 in Itapevi, three children per older person. In 446 of the 645 municipalities there are more women than men; Santos has 83 men per 100 women. The sex ratio map has dark blue patches: Balbinos has 444 men per 100 women, and 65% of its residents live in collective dwellings. Of the 29 towns with over 10% of their people in such dwellings, prisons among them, 27 exceed 110 men per 100 women. Second plate of the collection “People across the land”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: people, men, women, median age, ageing index, sex ratio, aged up to 14 and 60 or over, urban and rural households and residents, residents outside private households
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2022 Population Census: table 9514 (resident population by sex and age) (2022)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census: table 9515 (ageing index, median age and sex ratio) (2022)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census: table 9922 (households and residents by urban/rural status) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Median age, ageing index (people aged 65 or over per 100 aged up to 14) and sex ratio (men per 100 women) of the resident population by municipality, from SIDRA 9515, in six classes each; the state’s pyramid from SIDRA 9514; residents outside occupied permanent private households = population (9514) minus residents of those households (9922).
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540341

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Idade e sexo: o noroeste envelhece, a metrópole é jovem e os presídios são homens [Age and sex: The north-west grows old, the metropolis is young and prisons are men] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540341

@dataset{cerejo2026_idade_e_sexo_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Idade e sexo: O noroeste envelhece, a metrópole é jovem e os presídios são homens},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540341},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540341},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Age and sex: The north-west grows old, the metropolis is young and prisons are men. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 063 Census · income People across the land 1/4

Where people live

Half of São Paulo’s people fit in half a per cent of the state

Map of São Paulo state with census tracts in six shades, from cream to near-black olive green, by residents per km². The state is almost all cream; towns show as dark dots, and Greater São Paulo as one continuous dark patch reaching towards Campinas, Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley. Callouts point to Taboão da Serra, with 13,428 residents per km², and Iporanga, with 3.5. In the panel, the share of population and the share of area in each class, and the five densest municipalities. — Fig. 063 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

São Paulo has 44.4 million people on 248,000 km², 179 per km² on average. But the average misleads. Half the population lives in census tracts that together cover 1,238 km², 0.5% of the state; 90% live on 2.1%. At the other end, 81% of the area has fewer than 10 residents per km² and holds 1.3% of the people. The map is almost all cream, with dark dots for the towns and one continuous patch in Greater São Paulo, reaching towards Campinas, Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley. The densest municipality is Taboão da Serra, with 13,428 residents per km², followed by Diadema and Carapicuíba; the capital has 7,521. The least dense is Iporanga, in the Ribeira Valley, with 3.5. First plate of the collection “People across the land”.

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At a glance

Layers

setores polygon 103,319 tracts: area, people, residents per km², people by age group and density and 60-plus classes
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2022 Population Census: census tract aggregates (basic characteristics and demography) (2022)
IBGE — 2022 Census Tract Mesh (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Residents per km² of each 2022 Census tract (the tract’s own area), in six classes; share of the state’s population and area in each class; cumulative area of tracts from densest to least dense until they hold half and 90% of the population.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540311

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Onde mora a gente: metade dos paulistas cabe em meio por cento do estado [Where people live: Half of São Paulo’s people fit in half a per cent of the state] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540311

@dataset{cerejo2026_densidade_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Onde mora a gente: Metade dos paulistas cabe em meio por cento do estado},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540311},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540311},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Where people live: Half of São Paulo’s people fit in half a per cent of the state. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 062 Energy · biomass Income and rooftop solar 3/3

Income and rooftop solar

Rooftop sun does not follow the money

Map of São Paulo municipalities in nine colours, crossing thirds of household heads’ mean income (cream to violet) and thirds of residential solar systems per home (cream to ochre); where both are high, purplish brown. The west and north-west are ochre and brown; the east, Greater São Paulo and the coast, violet; the south and the Ribeira Valley, cream. Callouts point to Dracena, with 26 systems per 100 homes, and the capital, with 0.5. In the panel, the three-by-three grid with the number of municipalities in each cell, spread out rather than on the diagonal, bars with systems per 100 homes in each income third and the municipalities with the highest uptake. — Fig. 062 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: ANEEL, IBGE

São Paulo has 664,000 residential solar systems registered with ANEEL, with 4.4 GW: 4.1 for every 100 occupied homes. One would expect them in the richest towns. They are not there. Across the 645 municipalities, the rank correlation between household heads’ mean income and systems per home is −0.01, that is, none. In the highest income third there are 3.8 systems per 100 homes; in the lowest, 4.2. The map lights up in ochre and brown in the west and north-west, where Dracena reaches 26 per 100, and so does Santo Expedito, with a mean income of 1.8 minimum wages. The capital, with a mean income of 4 minimum wages and more systems than any other city (22,000), has only 0.5 per 100 homes, like Santos: where people live in flats, there is no roof. Plate 044 shows distributed solar generation across Brazil. Last plate of the collection “Income and rooftop solar”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: households, mean income, residential solar systems, kW, systems per 100 homes, W per home, thirds and group
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: ANEEL — List of distributed generation units (open data, October 2026) (2026)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census: census tract aggregates (household head income and households) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: ANEEL residential distributed photovoltaic systems per 100 occupied permanent private homes of the 2022 Census, and mean income of household heads with income, each in thirds of the 645 municipalities, crossed in a nine-class bivariate map; Spearman rank correlation.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540297

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Renda e telhado solar: o sol dos telhados não segue o dinheiro [Income and rooftop solar: Rooftop sun does not follow the money] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540297

@dataset{cerejo2026_renda_e_solar_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Renda e telhado solar: O sol dos telhados não segue o dinheiro},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540297},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540297},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Income and rooftop solar: Rooftop sun does not follow the money. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}