Maps · Sheet 5 — Essencial

No. 061 Census · income Income and rooftop solar 2/3

Income in the metropolis

From Itaim Bibi to Jardim Ângela, eleven times over

Map of Greater São Paulo and the Santos lowlands with weighting areas in six shades, from cream to dark plum, by the mean income of household heads in minimum wages. The capital’s expanded centre and Alphaville, in Barueri, are dark plum; the northern, eastern and southern edges and the southern coast are pale; the Santos and Guarujá seafront darkens. Black outlines mark municipalities, with the names of Barueri, Osasco, Guarulhos, Mogi das Cruzes, Santo André and Santos. Two callouts point to Itaim Bibi, with R$ 17,804, and Jardim Ângela, with R$ 1,655. In the panel, the share of household heads in each class and bars with the ratio between the richest and poorest area of São Paulo, Barueri, São José do Rio Preto and Santos. — Fig. 061 São Paulo and Santos urban concentrations (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

Greater São Paulo and the Santos lowlands add up to 44 municipalities and 22.3 million people. IBGE divides them into 841 inhabited weighting areas, and in each one the mean income of household heads can be worked out. The richest is Itaim Bibi, in the capital: R$ 17,804 a month, 14.7 minimum wages of 2022. Twenty kilometres away, in the same city, the Jardim Ângela area has R$ 1,655, 1.4 minimum wages: a gap of 10.8 times, the largest among São Paulo municipalities with five areas or more. Barueri comes next, from Alphaville to Engenho Novo (7.6 times), and Santos, from Ponta da Praia to Rádio Clube (6.1). The map shows the capital’s rich centre, stretching south-west to Alphaville, ringed by a pale belt that runs from Francisco Morato to Itaquaquecetuba and down the escarpment to the coast. Second plate of the collection “Income and rooftop solar”.

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At a glance

Layers

areas_de_ponderacao polygon 2,535 weighting areas statewide: main neighbourhood or district, people, household heads, mean income in reais and in minimum wages
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2022 Population Census: census tract aggregates (household head income) (2022)
IBGE — 2022 Census Weighting Areas and tract correspondence (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo and Santos urban concentrations (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Mean income of household heads with income by 2022 Census weighting area: mean of tracts with data, weighted by the number of household heads, in 2022 minimum wages (R$ 1,212), in the 44 municipalities of the São Paulo and Santos urban concentrations.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540210

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). A renda na metrópole: do Itaim Bibi ao Jardim Ângela, onze vezes [Income in the metropolis: From Itaim Bibi to Jardim Ângela, eleven times over] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540210

@dataset{cerejo2026_renda_na_metropole_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {A renda na metrópole: Do Itaim Bibi ao Jardim Ângela, onze vezes},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540210},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540210},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Income in the metropolis: From Itaim Bibi to Jardim Ângela, eleven times over. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 060 Census · income Income and rooftop solar 1/3

What the head of household earns

The minimum wage is the yardstick for a third of the state

Map of São Paulo state with census tracts in six shades, from cream to dark plum, by the median income of household heads in minimum wages. The interior is a mosaic of mid pinks; the Ribeira Valley, the south and the southern coast are pale; dark patches mark the capital, the corridor to Campinas and the centres of mid-sized cities. Confidential tracts are hatched. A callout points to Iguape, with 79% of household heads in tracts of up to 1.5 minimum wages. In the panel, a legend with the share of household heads in each class and bars with that share by intermediate region, from 48% in Presidente Prudente to 21% in Campinas. — Fig. 060 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

In each census tract of São Paulo, what does the person responsible for the household earn? The 2022 Census gives the median income of household heads with income, and the minimum wage of the time, R$ 1,212, works as a yardstick: in 4,904 tracts the median is exactly one minimum wage. A third of the state’s 16.2 million household heads live in tracts with a median of up to 1.5 minimum wages. The map pales in the Ribeira Valley and the west; in the Presidente Prudente region, 48% of household heads live in such tracts; in the Campinas region, 21%. In Iguape it is 79%; in Francisco Morato, in Greater São Paulo, 78%. At the other end, 1.08 million household heads live in tracts of over 5 minimum wages; the largest shares are in São Caetano do Sul (23%), Santana de Parnaíba and Vinhedo. Plate 034 zooms in on the Campinas region. First plate of the collection “Income and rooftop solar”.

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At a glance

Layers

setores polygon 103,319 tracts: household heads, mean and median income in reais and in minimum wages, class
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2022 Population Census: census tract aggregates (household head income) (2022)
IBGE — 2022 Census Tract Mesh (2022)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Median monthly nominal income of household heads with income, by 2022 Census tract, in six classes measured in 2022 minimum wages (R$ 1,212); tracts with confidential values are left as no data.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540197

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Quanto ganha quem responde pela casa: o salário mínimo é a régua de um terço do estado [What the head of household earns: The minimum wage is the yardstick for a third of the state] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540197

@dataset{cerejo2026_renda_mediana_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Quanto ganha quem responde pela casa: O salário mínimo é a régua de um terço do estado},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540197},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540197},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: What the head of household earns: The minimum wage is the yardstick for a third of the state. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 059 Energy · biomass Biogas on the ground 5/5

Biogas in operation

Of the potential, what has already become a plant

Map of São Paulo state with municipalities in pale greens by biomethane potential. Dark blue circles, proportional to authorised capacity, mark nine ANP biomethane plants, from Narandiba and Paraguaçu Paulista in the west to Américo Brasiliense, Piracicaba, Elias Fausto, Paulínia, Caieiras, São Paulo and Jambeiro. Clay-red rings, proportional to capacity, mark biogas distributed generation in 24 municipalities, the largest in the capital. A callout points to Piracicaba, with 130,000 m³ a day authorised, the largest capacity. In the panel, bars show each plant’s capacity and the share of biogas processed that month. — Fig. 059 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: ANP, ANEEL, CP2B (Unicamp), IBGE

Of a potential of 16.9 million m³ of biomethane a day, how much has already become a plant? In April 2026, nine biomethane plants in São Paulo reported output to ANP. Together they hold 558,000 m³ a day of authorised capacity, 3.3% of the potential, and that month processed only 15% of the biogas they could treat: three of them stood near zero. The largest, Raízen and Geo’s plant in Piracicaba, has 130,000 m³ a day authorised, from vinasse and filter cake; the Caieiras landfill plant runs the most, at 45% use. In electricity, ANEEL lists 32 biogas distributed generation units in the state, with 21.9 MW, in 24 municipalities: most of it at landfills in the capital and São José dos Campos and at a mill in Narandiba; the rest, smaller, mostly from farm manure. The larger biogas power stations are on plate 028. Last plate of the collection “Biogas on the ground”.

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At a glance

Layers

plantas_biometano point 9 biomethane plants: company name, CNPJ, biomethane and biogas capacity, biogas processed and use in the month
gd_biogas point 24 municipalities with biogas distributed generation: units and capacity (kW) by residue type
municipios polygon 645 municipalities: potential, ANP capacity and DG capacity (same GPKG as plate 055)

Metadata

Sources: ANP — Biomethane: authorised plants and monthly output (April 2026) (2026)
ANEEL — List of distributed generation units (open data, October 2026) (2026)
CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: SP biomethane plants that reported output to ANP in April 2026, with authorised capacity and biogas processed, and ANEEL biogas distributed generation units summed by municipality, over the biomethane potential (CP2B method v5.1, level N4, reference scenario).
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Biogás em operação: do potencial, o que já virou planta [Biogas in operation: Of the potential, what has already become a plant] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/059-biogas-em-operacao-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_biogas_em_operacao_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Biogás em operação: Do potencial, o que já virou planta},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/059-biogas-em-operacao-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Biogas in operation: Of the potential, what has already become a plant. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 058 Energy · biomass Biogas on the ground 4/5

Biomethane and the power grid

The wire reaches closer than the pipe

Map of São Paulo state with municipalities in greens by biomethane potential, darker in the north and centre. On top, basic-grid transmission lines in ochre (up to 230 kV), clay (345 and 440 kV) and plum (500 kV or more) cross the state in every direction, densest from the north-west to the capital; black dots mark substations. A callout points to Valparaíso, 52 km from the nearest substation, with 197,000 m³ a day of potential. In the panel, two sets of bars show the share of the potential by distance to a line and to a substation. — Fig. 058 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), EPE, IBGE

Where there is no pipeline, biogas can become electricity on the spot and leave by wire. In São Paulo, the basic grid, from 230 kV up, adds up to 19,100 km of lines and 91 substations, and covers the state far better than gas pipelines: 58% of the biomethane potential lies within 10 km of a transmission line, and only 1% over 50 km. The bottleneck is the substation, where power enters the grid: 65% of the potential lies over 25 km from one, measured from the municipality’s centre. Valparaíso, in the west, has 197,000 m³ of possible biomethane a day 2.6 km from a line, but 52 km from the nearest substation. On the previous plate, gas from the sugarcane north lay far from the pipe; here, the wire runs right over it. Fourth plate of the collection “Biogas on the ground”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: potential and distances to lines and substations (same GPKG as plate 055)
linhas_transmissao line 493 lines of 230 kV or more, 19,100 km inside SP
subestacoes point 185 basic-grid substations, 91 in SP

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
EPE — WebMap: existing transmission lines and substations, as published in the MapBiomas infrastructure database (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Straight-line distance from each municipality’s interior point to the nearest basic-grid transmission line and substation, in four bands, crossed with the biomethane potential (CP2B method v5.1, level N4, reference scenario).
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Biometano e rede elétrica: o fio chega mais perto do que o cano [Biomethane and the power grid: The wire reaches closer than the pipe] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/058-biometano-e-rede-eletrica-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_biometano_e_rede_eletrica_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Biometano e rede elétrica: O fio chega mais perto do que o cano},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/058-biometano-e-rede-eletrica-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Biomethane and the power grid: The wire reaches closer than the pipe. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 057 Energy · biomass Biogas on the ground 3/5

Biomethane and gas pipelines

Countryside gas lies far from the pipe

Map of São Paulo state with municipalities in greens by biomethane potential, darker in the north and centre. On top, transmission pipelines in plum, with delivery points, along an axis that enters from the west, crosses the centre to Campinas and continues to the capital, the coast and the Paraíba Valley, and distribution networks in ochre, dense around Campinas, Sorocaba and Greater São Paulo. The north, the greenest part, has no pipeline. A callout points to Guaíra, 150 km from the nearest pipeline, with the state’s largest potential: 333,000 m³ a day. In the panel, bars show the share of the potential within 10 km, 10 to 25, 25 to 50 and over 50 km from a pipeline. — Fig. 057 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), EPE, IBGE

Biomethane is renewable natural gas: to reach its users it needs a pipeline, or a lorry. In São Paulo, transmission pipelines add up to 1,892 km, along an axis that comes from Mato Grosso do Sul on the Gasbol, passes Campinas and runs down to the capital and the Paraíba Valley; the distribution networks of Comgás, Gás Brasiliano and Naturgy cluster around it. The potential does not. Measured from the centre of each municipality to the nearest pipeline, 55% of the state’s possible biomethane lies over 50 km from a pipe; only 18% lies within 10 km, in 156 municipalities home to 32 million people. Guaíra, the state’s largest potential at 333,000 m³ a day, is 150 km from the nearest pipeline; Morro Agudo, the second, 103 km. The sugarcane north is a gas field without a pipe. Third plate of the collection “Biogas on the ground”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: potential and distances to pipelines and delivery points (same GPKG as plate 055)
gasodutos_transporte line 13 existing transmission pipelines, 1,892 km inside SP
gasodutos_distribuicao line Distribution networks (Comgás, Gás Brasiliano, Naturgy and neighbours)
pontos_entrega point 62 existing delivery points, 39 in SP

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
EPE — WebMap: existing transmission and distribution gas pipelines and delivery points, as published in the MapBiomas infrastructure database (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Straight-line distance from each municipality’s interior point to the nearest existing transmission or distribution gas pipeline, in four bands, crossed with the biomethane potential (CP2B method v5.1, level N4, reference scenario).
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Biometano e gasodutos: o gás do campo fica longe do cano [Biomethane and gas pipelines: Countryside gas lies far from the pipe] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/057-biometano-e-gasodutos-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_biometano_e_gasodutos_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Biometano e gasodutos: O gás do campo fica longe do cano},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/057-biometano-e-gasodutos-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Biomethane and gas pipelines: Countryside gas lies far from the pipe. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 056 Energy · biomass Biogas on the ground 2/5

Beyond sugarcane

Without the cane, maize, poultry and the city appear

Map of São Paulo state with municipalities coloured by their largest biomethane source leaving out sugarcane: golden yellow for maize and soy straw, which dominates the south and south-west; dark blue for organic waste and pruning, covering Greater São Paulo, the coast and the Paraíba Valley and dotted across the west; clay red for poultry, in the centre and north; plum for cattle; brown for coffee, in the north-east; orange for orange bagasse, in the centre; pink for pigs; and light blue for sewage sludge, in Taubaté only. Callouts point to Bastos, with 73,000 m³ a day from poultry farms, and Itapeva, with 72,000 from maize and soy straw. In the panel, the legend gives how many municipalities each source leads and how much biomethane it adds up to in the state, and bars show the six municipalities with the most biomethane outside cane. — Fig. 056 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), IBGE

Sugarcane is the largest biomethane source in 370 of São Paulo’s municipalities and accounts for 82% of the state’s potential. The other 18%, 3.09 million m³ a day, draw a different map. With cane removed, maize and soy straw leads in 192 municipalities, scattered across the west and unbroken in the south and south-west, from Itapeva to Itapetininga; organic waste and tree pruning lead in 174, from Greater São Paulo to the Paraíba Valley and the interior’s mid-sized towns; poultry farms lead in 170, mostly in the centre and north of the state, from Bastos to Mococa. Dairy and feedlot cattle lead in 48 municipalities, coffee in 16, oranges in 13. The capital has the largest non-cane potential, 144,000 m³ a day, from waste and sewage; in the interior, the largest is Bastos, with 73,000, from its poultry farms. Second plate of the collection “Biogas on the ground”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: potential by non-cane source and largest source (same GPKG as plate 055)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Biomethane potential by municipality and residue (CP2B method v5.1, level N4, reference scenario), without the four sugarcane residues, summed into eight sources; each municipality gets its largest source.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

With basemap (PNG) Without basemap (PNG) QR code (SVG)

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Além da cana: sem a cana, aparecem o milho, a granja e a cidade [Beyond sugarcane: Without the cane, maize, poultry and the city appear] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/056-alem-da-cana-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_alem_da_cana_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Além da cana: Sem a cana, aparecem o milho, a granja e a cidade},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/056-alem-da-cana-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Beyond sugarcane: Without the cane, maize, poultry and the city appear. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 055 Energy · biomass Biogas on the ground 1/5

Biomethane per km² and per person

The gas is where the people are not

Plate with three municipal maps of São Paulo and a chart. The first shows biomethane per km² in greens, darker in the north and centre of the state. The second shows biomethane per inhabitant, from cream to dark brown: the interior is dark and Greater São Paulo, the coast and the Ribeira Valley are pale; a callout shows the capital at 0.013 m³ per inhabitant per day. The third shows municipalities in four shades of green by the quarter of the state’s potential they belong to: 25 municipalities in the first quarter, 43 in the second, 80 in the third and 470 in the last. The chart is the concentration curve of the potential, with points at 25, 68 and 148 municipalities. In the panel, bars show the six municipalities with the highest potential per km², led by Ariranha. — Fig. 055 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), IBGE

São Paulo’s residues could yield 16.9 million m³ of biomethane a day at the accessible level of the CP2B method. Divided by the population, that is 0.38 m³ per person per day. But the gas does not live where people live. Per km², the potential is densest in the sugarcane north: Ariranha reaches 1,326 m³ a day for each km². Per inhabitant, the leaders are small municipalities full of cane, such as Borá, with 41 m³ per person per day, while the capital, with the largest urban potential, stands at 0.013. The potential is also concentrated: 25 municipalities hold a quarter of the total, 68 hold half and 148 three quarters. Plate 050 shows how much each municipality has; this one shows how much that weighs on the ground and per person. First plate of the collection “Biogas on the ground”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: potential by group and source, per km² and per inhabitant, quarter of the potential, largest non-cane source and distances to infrastructure
gasodutos_transporte line 13 existing transmission gas pipelines in and around SP
gasodutos_distribuicao line Networks of 8 gas distributors in and around SP
pontos_entrega point 62 existing gas delivery points
linhas_transmissao line 493 basic-grid transmission lines (230 kV or more)
subestacoes point 185 basic-grid substations
plantas_biometano point 9 ANP biomethane plants, at the municipality
gd_biogas point ANEEL biogas distributed generation summed by municipality (24)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — 2022 Population Census: census tract aggregates (population) (2022)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (municipal area) (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Biomethane potential from 17 residues by municipality (CP2B method v5.1, level N4, reference scenario), divided by the 2025 Municipal Mesh area and the 2022 Census population; municipalities ranked by potential and grouped by the quarter of the state total they belong to.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Biometano por km² e por pessoa: o gás está onde a gente não está [Biomethane per km² and per person: The gas is where the people are not] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/055-densidade-do-biometano-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_densidade_do_biometano_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Biometano por km² e por pessoa: O gás está onde a gente não está},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/055-densidade-do-biometano-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Biomethane per km² and per person: The gas is where the people are not. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 054 Energy · biomass Sanitation and biomethane 4/4

Sewage, mains and biomethane

Sludge gas only exists where sewage reaches the plant

Plate with three municipal maps of São Paulo. The first shows the share of households off the sewage mains in 2022, from grey (zero) to dark brown (over 50%): the Ribeira Valley, the coast and the surroundings of the capital are dark; the north of the state is pale. The second shows biomethane from sewage sludge in m³ per day, in shades of teal, present in only 128 municipalities, with the capital adding up to 51%. The third shows four groups: dark blue for mains above 90% with sludge, light blue for mains above 90% without sludge, ochre for mains below 90% with sludge and clay red for mains below 90% without sludge, which covers the south and the west. In the panel, bars show the six municipalities with the most sludge biomethane and the population of each group. — Fig. 054 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, CP2B (Unicamp)

Sludge from sewage plants becomes biomethane, but only where sewage is collected and treated at a plant suited to digestion. Under the CP2B method, that gives São Paulo 121,000 m³ of biomethane a day, in only 128 of its 645 municipalities, and the capital accounts for 51%. Beside it, the 2022 Census: 349 municipalities still have fewer than 90% of households on the mains, the target of the sanitation legal framework for 2033. The crossing separates four groups. 77 municipalities, with 28.2 million people, already pass the target and have sludge; 297, with 4.36 million, are below the target and have no sludge at all, and add up to 437,000 households off the mains. Bringing the mains to those places is the condition for their sewage to count towards the gas. Last plate of the collection “Sanitation and biomethane”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: people, households, sewage off the mains, uncollected rubbish, biomethane from sludge and rubbish, and crossing group
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — SIDRA, table 6805: households by type of sewage disposal (2022 Census) (2022)
IBGE — SIDRA, table 6892: households by rubbish destination (2022 Census) (2022)
CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Share of households off the sewage mains (SIDRA 6805) and biomethane from sewage sludge under the CP2B v5.1 method, level N4 (accessible), reference scenario, by municipality; municipalities are crossed by the 90% mains target and by whether the potential includes sludge.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: being registered on Zenodo

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Esgoto, rede e biometano: o gás do lodo só existe onde o esgoto chega à estação [Sewage, mains and biomethane: Sludge gas only exists where sewage reaches the plant] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Essencial. https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/054-saneamento-e-biometano-sp/

@dataset{cerejo2026_saneamento_e_biometano_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Esgoto, rede e biometano: O gás do lodo só existe onde o esgoto chega à estação},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Essencial},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  url       = {https://aikiesan.github.io/essencial-geo/en/maps/054-saneamento-e-biometano-sp/},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Sewage, mains and biomethane: Sludge gas only exists where sewage reaches the plant. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}