Maps · Sheet 6 — Essencial

No. 053 Census · income Sanitation and biomethane 3/4

Rubbish outside collection

Where the truck does not pass, rubbish burns

Map of São Paulo state with census tracts coloured by the share of households that burn or bury their rubbish, dump it on vacant land or dispose of it otherwise, in 2022, in five classes from cream (up to 1%) to dark brown (over 50%), and light grey where everyone has collection. The rural interior is brown, darker in the west and the Pontal do Paranapanema; the towns and Greater São Paulo are pale. Tracts whose class is withheld are hatched. A callout points to Marabá Paulista, with 46% of households without collection. In the panel, each class has a bar with its share of the state’s households, and bars show what happens to uncollected rubbish: burnt, other, vacant land and buried. — Fig. 053 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

Nearly all of São Paulo’s rubbish is collected: in 2022, only 0.99% of households, 160,000, disposed of it otherwise. But that 1% is not spread out. It is in the countryside, where the truck does not reach, and the most common destination is fire: 110,000 households burnt their rubbish on the property. Painted tract by tract, the map shows the state inside out: the towns are pale, with collection for everyone, and the rural interior darkens. In 1,734 tracts, more than half the households had no collection. Marabá Paulista, in the Pontal do Paranapanema, has the largest share of its households outside collection (46%); the capital has the largest number (12,094). Rubbish that is not collected does not reach a landfill or a digester either. Third plate of the collection “Sanitation and biomethane”.

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At a glance

Layers

setores polygon 103,319 census tracts: households by rubbish destination and uncollected-rubbish class (same GPKG as plate 051)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2022 Population Census: household characteristics by census tract (2022)
IBGE — SIDRA, table 6892: households by rubbish destination (2022)
IBGE — 2022 Census Tract Mesh (2022)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Share of each census tract’s occupied permanent private households that burn or bury their rubbish, dump it on vacant land, slopes or public areas, or dispose of it otherwise, in five classes and zero; tracts with withheld values get a class only when it does not depend on the omitted value.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540155

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Lixo fora da coleta: onde o caminhão não passa, o lixo queima [Rubbish outside collection: Where the truck does not pass, rubbish burns] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540155

@dataset{cerejo2026_lixo_fora_da_coleta_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Lixo fora da coleta: Onde o caminhão não passa, o lixo queima},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540155},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540155},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Rubbish outside collection: Where the truck does not pass, rubbish burns. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 052 Census · income Sanitation and biomethane 2/4

Where the sewage goes

Mains in town, pits in the country, rivers at the edge

Map of São Paulo state with census tracts coloured by where most households sent their sewage in 2022: dark blue for mains, storm drain or linked tank, olive for septic tank, ochre for rudimentary pit or hole, clay red for ditch, river, lake, stream, sea or other, and plum for no bathroom. Ochre and olive share the interior in a mosaic; blue marks the towns, the largest patch being Greater São Paulo. Tied tracts or tracts with withheld values are hatched. A callout points to the capital: 123,932 households discharge sewage into rivers, streams, lakes or the sea. In the panel, a strip shows each destination’s share of the area, and bars show the six towns with the most households discharging into rivers, lakes, streams or the sea. — Fig. 052 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

Off the mains, São Paulo’s sewage goes three ways. In 2022, 569,000 households used a septic tank, 455,000 a rudimentary pit or hole, and 385,000 discharged into a ditch, river, lake, stream, the sea or elsewhere. The map colours each census tract by where most of its households send their sewage. The mains lead in only 11% of the area, but 93% of households live there; rudimentary pits lead in 56% of the area and septic tanks in 33%, in a mosaic that covers the interior. Sewage discharged into rivers, lakes, streams or the sea is urban: of the 307,000 households doing so, 124,000 are in the capital and three quarters of the rest in the São Paulo intermediate region. Second plate of the collection “Sanitation and biomethane”.

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At a glance

Layers

setores polygon 103,319 census tracts: households by sewage destination and leading destination (same GPKG as plate 051)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2022 Population Census: household characteristics by census tract (2022)
IBGE — SIDRA, table 6805: households by type of sewage disposal (2022)
IBGE — 2022 Census Tract Mesh (2022)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Where the sewage of most occupied permanent private households in each census tract goes, in five groups; a group wins only when its minimum exceeds every other group’s maximum, counting withheld values as 1 or 2.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540120

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The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Para onde vai o esgoto: rede na cidade, fossa no campo, rio na beira [Where the sewage goes: Mains in town, pits in the country, rivers at the edge] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540120

@dataset{cerejo2026_destino_do_esgoto_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Para onde vai o esgoto: Rede na cidade, fossa no campo, rio na beira},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540120},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540120},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Where the sewage goes: Mains in town, pits in the country, rivers at the edge. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 051 Census · income Sanitation and biomethane 1/4

Sewage on the mains

The mains cover the city; the countryside stays on the tank

Map of São Paulo state with its 103,000 census tracts coloured by the share of households whose sewage went to the mains, the storm drain or a tank linked to the mains in 2022, in six classes from cream (up to 10%) to dark blue (over 99%). The cream of rural tracts covers most of the territory; dark blue forms patches in the towns, the largest in Greater São Paulo. Tracts whose class is withheld are hatched. A callout points to Ibiúna, with 71% of households off the mains. In the panel, each class has a bar with its share of the state’s households, and the six towns with the most households off the mains appear as bars, led by São Paulo with 205,630. — Fig. 051 São Paulo State (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

In 2022, 91.3% of households in São Paulo state had their sewage connected to the mains, to the storm drain or to a septic tank linked to the mains: 14.8 million out of 16.2 million. 1.41 million were missing. Painted tract by tract, the map shows the mains as an urban thing: three households in four live in tracts where over 99% are connected, but those tracts are small, and the cream of the rural tracts, where almost no one is on the mains, covers most of the state. The city of São Paulo has 205,630 households off the mains, the largest absolute number; among towns with more than 20,000 households, Ibiúna has the largest share off the mains (71%). First plate of the collection “Sanitation and biomethane”.

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At a glance

Layers

setores polygon 103,319 census tracts: households by sewage and rubbish destination, mains-connection class, leading destination and uncollected-rubbish class
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — 2022 Population Census: household characteristics by census tract (2022)
IBGE — SIDRA, table 6805: households by type of sewage disposal (2022)
IBGE — 2022 Census Tract Mesh (2022)
Extent: São Paulo State (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Node.js · d3-geo · QGIS
Method: Share of each census tract’s occupied permanent private households whose sewage goes to the mains, the storm drain or a tank linked to the mains, in six classes; tracts with withheld values get a class only when it does not depend on the omitted value.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23540101

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Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Esgoto na rede: a rede cobre a cidade; o campo fica na fossa [Sewage on the mains: The mains cover the city; the countryside stays on the tank] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540101

@dataset{cerejo2026_esgoto_na_rede_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Esgoto na rede: A rede cobre a cidade; o campo fica na fossa},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23540101},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23540101},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Sewage on the mains: The mains cover the city; the countryside stays on the tank. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 049 Energy · biomass From field to biomethane 5/5

Waste and sewage

The city is a gas crop too

Map of São Paulo state with municipalities coloured by the biomethane that waste, sewage and prunings could give per day, in six teal classes, from the lightest (up to 37 m³) to the darkest (1,100 to 143,796 m³). Dark tones dominate Greater São Paulo and the Campinas–Sorocaba axis and also appear in the mid-sized towns of the interior; the Ribeira valley and the upper Paraíba valley are grey, with zero. Over the map, 873 sewage treatment plants: small dots in blue (ponds), dark grey (activated sludge) and light grey (other processes), and 87 larger clay-coloured dots with anaerobic reactors, densest between Campinas, Piracicaba and São Paulo. A callout points to São Paulo: 144,000 m³ a day, 23% of the state’s urban biomethane. — Fig. 049 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: CP2B (Unicamp), ANA, IBGE

The organic waste, sewage sludge and prunings of São Paulo’s towns and cities could give 621,000 m³ of biomethane a day under the CP2B method: 434,000 from waste, 121,000 from sludge and 66,000 from prunings. That is little next to the countryside, under 4% of the state total, but it lies where almost everyone lives. The city of São Paulo accounts for 23% and its region for 39%. Half the methane the waste could generate is already captured at landfills, and the method deducts that share. The map also shows the 873 sewage treatment plants registered by ANA, serving 608 municipalities. Most treat sewage in ponds (552); 87 use anaerobic reactors, which produce biogas during treatment. Fifth plate of the collection “From field to biomethane”.

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At a glance

Layers

etes point 873 sewage treatment plants: name, status, process, family, BOD removal and municipalities served
municipios polygon 645 municipalities: biomethane from waste, sludge and prunings (m³/day) and waste methane already used at landfills
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
ANA — Sewage treatment plants (2019 database) (2019)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Biomethane potential of organic waste, sewage sludge and urban prunings at the accessible level of the CP2B method, by municipality, in six quantile classes; ANA sewage treatment plants, one per code, coloured by process family.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23539847

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Lixo e esgoto: a cidade também é lavoura de gás [Waste and sewage: The city is a gas crop too] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539847

@dataset{cerejo2026_lixo_e_esgoto_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Lixo e esgoto: A cidade também é lavoura de gás},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23539847},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539847},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Waste and sewage: The city is a gas crop too. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 048 Land use From field to biomethane 4/5

Maize and soybean

Soybean overtook maize, and the straw stayed on the ground

Three maps of São Paulo state and a chart. The first shows harvested soybean area in 2024 as a share of territory, in six classes from cream to brown; dark brown covers the south-west, the south and the north-east of the state. The second shows maize, from pale yellow to olive green, darker in the south-west and south. The third shows, in teal, the biomethane that maize and soybean straw could give per day, with Itapeva and Buri named in the south-west. In the fourth panel, two lines from 2008 to 2024: soybean rises from about 500,000 to 1.36 million hectares and crosses maize, which hovers around 800,000, in 2017, marked with a circle. — Fig. 048 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, CP2B (Unicamp)

In 2008, São Paulo harvested 525,940 hectares of soybean and 965,907 of maize. In 2024, 1.36 million hectares of soybean, 2.6 times more, and 723,128 of maize, 25% less; soybean overtook maize in 2017. It spread from 304 to 483 municipalities and grew above all in the south of the state. In the Sorocaba region the area went from 82,000 to 468,000 hectares, and Itapeva is the largest grower of both grains. In Ibirarema and Salto Grande, harvested soybean covers almost two thirds of the municipality. The straw of both grains could give 1.03 million m³ of biomethane a day under the CP2B method, 41% of it in the Sorocaba region. That is what remains after leaving on the field the share that protects the soil. Fourth plate of the collection “From field to biomethane”.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: harvested area and production of soybean and maize in 2008 and 2024, share of territory in 2024 (%) and straw biomethane (m³/day)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Agricultural Production (PAM), table 1612: temporary crops (2008 a 2024)
CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Harvested soybean and maize area from PAM 2024 divided by municipal area, in six quantile classes; straw biomethane potential at the accessible level of the CP2B method, in six quantile classes.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23539833

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Milho e soja: a soja passou o milho, e a palha ficou no chão [Maize and soybean: Soybean overtook maize, and the straw stayed on the ground] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539833

@dataset{cerejo2026_milho_e_soja_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Milho e soja: A soja passou o milho, e a palha ficou no chão},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23539833},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539833},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Maize and soybean: Soybean overtook maize, and the straw stayed on the ground. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 047 Land use From field to biomethane 3/5

The orange belt

The grove in the field, the bagasse at the mill

Map of São Paulo state with municipalities coloured by orange production in 2024, in six classes from cream to dark red (up to 360 tonnes, up to 3,600, 11,000, 25,000, 64,000 and from 64,000 to 550,000). Dark red forms an arc from the north, near Colômbia, through the centre to the south-west, where Botucatu, Avaré and Iaras cluster; the west, the Paraíba valley and the coast are almost empty. Orange stripes mark the 82 municipalities that harvested oranges in 2008 and no longer do, scattered along the edges of the belt. Fourteen teal circles, sized by the biomethane the bagasse could give, sit in the centre-north of the state, around Matão, Araraquara and Bebedouro, away from the largest groves. Callouts: Casa Branca, 550,000 tonnes, the largest grower; Matão, 22,752 m³ a day, where oranges become juice. — Fig. 047 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE, CP2B (Unicamp)

São Paulo harvested 12.0 million tonnes of oranges in 2024, from 354,562 hectares. In 2008 it was 14.5 million tonnes from 592,566 hectares: the area fell by 40%, and each hectare now gives 34 tonnes instead of 25. The belt has also moved south-west. The Araraquara region harvested 3.4 million tonnes and now harvests 1.2; the Sorocaba region rose from 1.0 to 2.4 million and is the state’s largest. Casa Branca leads, with 550,000 tonnes, followed by Botucatu and Avaré, and 82 municipalities have given up oranges. The bagasse, however, stays where the fruit becomes juice. The CP2B method places it in 14 municipalities with mills, and Matão, which harvests 108,000 tonnes, receives the largest potential: 22,752 m³ of biomethane a day, out of 101,834. Third plate of the collection “From field to biomethane”.

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At a glance

Layers

bagaco_nas_fabricas point 14 municipalities that receive the bagasse in the CP2B method, with the biomethane (m³/day)
municipios polygon 645 municipalities: harvested area and orange production in 2008 and 2024, share of territory, whether oranges were given up, and bagasse biomethane
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Agricultural Production (PAM), table 1613: permanent crops (2008 a 2024)
CP2B (Unicamp) — biogas and biomethane potential by municipality, method v5.1 (2026)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Orange production from PAM 2024 by municipality in six quantile classes; stripes where there was harvested area in 2008 and none in 2024; circles with the bagasse biomethane potential at the accessible level of the CP2B method, allocated to the juice mills.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23539808

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O cinturão da laranja: o pomar no campo, o bagaço na fábrica [The orange belt: The grove in the field, the bagasse at the mill] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539808

@dataset{cerejo2026_laranja_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O cinturão da laranja: O pomar no campo, o bagaço na fábrica},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23539808},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539808},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The orange belt: The grove in the field, the bagasse at the mill. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 046 Land use From field to biomethane 2/5

Cane: 2008 × 2024

In sixteen years, the patch moved west

Three maps of São Paulo state and a notes panel. The top two show, for 2008 and 2024, the share of each municipality’s territory harvested as cane, in six classes from cream to dark green (up to 5%, 5 to 15%, 15 to 30%, 30 to 45%, 45 to 60% and over 60%). In 2008 the dark green is concentrated in the north-east of the state; in 2024 the middle tones also spread across the west and north-west. The third map shows the change in percentage points, from brown (loss of more than 10 points) to blue-green (gain of more than 20): the west and north-west turn green, and brown patches appear in the centre and around Campinas. Balbinos and São João do Pau d’Alho, the largest gains, and Nova Odessa, the largest loss, are named. — Fig. 046 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

In 2008, São Paulo’s cane fields were harvested over 4.53 million hectares; in 2024, over 5.40 million, 19% more, and cane went from 18.3% to 21.7% of the state’s territory. Harvested area peaked in 2017, at 5.69 million hectares, and has been slowly receding since. The plate sets the two years side by side, with the same classes, and maps the difference: 150 municipalities gained more than 10 percentage points of territory under cane, 104 of them in the São José do Rio Preto, Araçatuba and Presidente Prudente regions, in the west; Rancharia harvested 47,812 hectares more. The Campinas region was the only one to lose much: 63,632 hectares fewer, with the steepest falls in Nova Odessa and Sumaré. Second plate of the collection “From field to biomethane”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: harvested area and production of cane in 2008 and 2024, share of territory in each year (%) and change (p.p.)
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: IBGE — Municipal Agricultural Production (PAM), table 1612: temporary crops (2008 a 2024)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: Harvested cane area from PAM in 2008 and 2024 divided by municipal area, in the same six classes for both years; the change is given in percentage points of territory.
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23539788

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Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

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Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Cana: 2008 × 2024: em dezesseis anos, a mancha andou para o oeste [Cane: 2008 × 2024: In sixteen years, the patch moved west] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539788

@dataset{cerejo2026_cana_2008_2024_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {Cana: 2008 × 2024: Em dezesseis anos, a mancha andou para o oeste},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23539788},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539788},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: Cane: 2008 × 2024: In sixteen years, the patch moved west. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}

No. 045 Land use From field to biomethane 1/5

The farming patchwork

Almost a quarter of the state is sugarcane

Map of São Paulo state with land use and land cover in 2024, in eleven colours. The light green of sugarcane covers almost all of the centre and north of the state, most continuous around Ribeirão Preto. The light brown of soybean and other annual crops forms patches in the south, from Itapeva to Assis. The straw yellow of pasture and the cream of the mosaic of uses prevail in the west and in the Paraíba valley. Orange patches of citrus are scattered across the centre-north, and the dark brown of coffee appears in the north-east, near Franca. The greyish green of native vegetation fills the Serra do Mar and the Ribeira valley, in the south-east; the grey of the cities marks Greater São Paulo, and the blue of the reservoirs traces the Tietê and Paraná rivers. Callouts: Dumont, 80% in sugarcane; Itapeva, 664 km² of soybean and other annual crops. — Fig. 045 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: MapBiomas, IBGE

In 2024, 72% of São Paulo’s territory was cropland, pasture, tree plantation or a mosaic of these uses, according to MapBiomas. Sugarcane is the largest class: 58,000 km², almost a quarter of the state, and the leading use in 255 of the 645 municipalities. In the Ribeirão Preto region it covers half the land, and in Dumont, 80%. Soybean and other annual crops add up to 7%, mostly in the south, in the Marília region and around Itapeva. Pasture, at 15%, dominates the west: it covers 36% of the Presidente Prudente region. Oranges, coffee and other perennial crops take up less than 2%. Native vegetation, 22% of the state, lies mostly in the Serra do Mar and the Ribeira valley. First plate of the collection “From field to biomethane”, which follows the crops to the gas their residues could give.

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At a glance

Layers

municipios polygon 645 municipalities: area (km²) and share of the municipality (%) of each of the eleven classes, total of farming uses and class with the largest area
regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Sources: MapBiomas — Collection 10 of the Annual Series of Land Use and Land Cover Maps of Brazil, 2024 (2024)
IBGE — Municipal Mesh 2025 (2025)
Extent: São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection: SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software: Python · rasterio · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method: MapBiomas 2024 classification (Collection 10), 30 m pixels, grouped into eleven classes; areas by municipality counted on the 30 m pixels, on the GRS80 ellipsoid; map drawn with the most frequent class in blocks of 4 × 4 pixels (120 m).
Version: v1.0.0
Licence: CC BY 4.0
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23539779

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How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). O tabuleiro agrícola: quase um quarto do estado é cana [The farming patchwork: Almost a quarter of the state is sugarcane] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539779

@dataset{cerejo2026_tabuleiro_agricola_sp,
  author    = {Cerejo, Lucas Nakamura},
  title     = {O tabuleiro agrícola: Quase um quarto do estado é cana},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {1.0.0},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23539779},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539779},
  language  = {portuguese},
  note      = {English title: The farming patchwork: Almost a quarter of the state is sugarcane. Licence CC BY 4.0}
}