Skip to content
Essencial

Essencial: Cartographic feed · Sheet 8 of 12

Thematic maps of Brazil, in weekly collections. Each plate comes with its layers, a declared projection and a citation with a DOI.

No. 036 Hydrography Water in São Paulo 1/3

River basins

Twenty-two homes for the same rain

Fig. 036 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: SEADE, IBGE, MapBiomas

To look after its water, São Paulo does not use the map of municipalities but the map of basins: 22 Water Resources Management Units, the UGRHIs. Coloured by the 2022 Census population, they show a state that is unequal under the same rain. The municipalities of Alto Tietê, around the capital, hold 20.5 million people, 46.1% of the state’s population, on 2.4% of its land: 3,456 people per km². In Pontal do Paranapanema there are 20.8. Along the Tietê and the Paraná runs the waterway too, with its eight locks drawn on the map. First plate of the collection “Water in São Paulo”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Share of São Paulo’s population, by UGRHI (top five) (%)
  • 6 · Alto Tietê 46
  • 5 · Piracicaba/Capivari/Jundiaí 13
  • 10 · Tietê/Sorocaba 5.1
  • 2 · Paraíba do Sul 5.1
  • 7 · Baixada Santista 4.1
Density in Alto Tietê

3,456 people/km²

In Pontal do Paranapanema: 20.8 people/km²

Layers

  • ugrhi polygon 22 UGRHIs: area, municipalities, 2022 population and density
  • municipios polygon 645 municipalities, with the assigned UGRHI, the share of territory in it and the 2022 population
  • hidrovia line Tietê-Paraná waterway
  • eclusas point 8 locks on the waterway
  • limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Extent
São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection
SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software
Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method
Each municipality assigned to the UGRHI covering most of its territory; 2022 Census population summed by UGRHI and divided by basin area, in six quantile classes.
Version
v1.0.0
Licence
CC BY 4.0

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Bacias hidrográficas: vinte e duas casas para a mesma chuva [River basins: Twenty-two homes for the same rain] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539331

No. 035 Hydrography Campinas Metropolitan Region 4/4

Riparian reserves of Campinas

Where water rises, the forest is missing

Fig. 035 Municipality of Campinas (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: FBDS, IBGE

Brazil’s Forest Code requires a strip of protected vegetation along every river, around every spring and on the shores of reservoirs: the permanent preservation areas, or APPs. In Campinas they add up to 108 km², 13.6% of the municipality, drawn over 1,682 km of streams and 1,671 springs. Only 26.4% of that strip is forest. The rest is pasture, cropland and bare soil (57.9%) or city (14.3%). Of the springs, 325 lie in forest and 1,261 in human-altered land; 49 have ended up under the streets and roofs of the urban area. On the map, green thickens in the east, in the hills of Sousas and Joaquim Egídio, and vanishes in the centre, where the streams run between houses. Fourth plate of the collection “Campinas Metropolitan Region”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Land use inside the reserves (km²) (km²)
  • Área antropizada 57.9%
  • Formação florestal 26.4%
  • Área edificada 14.3%
  • Formação não florestal 0.9%
  • Silvicultura 0.5%
Springs, by the land use class they fall in (springs)
  • Área antropizada 1,261
  • Formação florestal 325
  • Área edificada 49
  • Silvicultura 27
Reserve area covered by forest

26 %

28.6 of the municipality’s 108.1 km² of reserves

Layers

  • app_uso polygon Land use inside the reserves, in five classes, with area in hectares
  • app polygon 2,657 reserve strips, with their origin (stream, water body, spring) and width in metres
  • rios line 5,351 single-line stream segments, with width class and length
  • rios_duplos polygon 114 double-bank river reaches
  • massas_dagua polygon 967 lakes and reservoirs, 956 of them artificial
  • nascentes point 1,671 springs
  • limite_municipal polygon Boundary of Campinas

Metadata

Extent
Municipality of Campinas (SP)
CRS / Projection
SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software
Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method
Reserves, stream network, springs and land use inside the reserves from the FBDS mapping of Campinas; area of each land use class summed and springs assigned to the class they fall in.
Version
v1.0.0
Licence
CC BY 4.0

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). APPs de Campinas: onde a água nasce, a mata falta [Riparian reserves of Campinas: Where water rises, the forest is missing] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539297

No. 034 Census · income Campinas Metropolitan Region 3/4

Household head income

Income draws another border

Fig. 034 Campinas Metropolitan Region (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

In 2022, the Brazilian minimum wage was R$ 1,212 a month. In the Campinas Metropolitan Region, 47% of household heads lived in census tracts where the heads’ median income did not exceed two minimum wages; 8.2% lived in tracts above five. The map colours each tract by median income and draws a border that is not the municipal one: in Vinhedo, Valinhos and Indaiatuba, one head in three lives in tracts above three minimum wages; in Hortolândia and Sumaré, one in ten; in Monte Mor, under 3%. The highest median, R$ 28,000 (23 minimum wages), belongs to a tract in Indaiatuba. Third plate of the collection “Campinas Metropolitan Region”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Household heads, by the tract’s median income (minimum wages) (people)
  • até 1 SM 2.1%
  • 1 a 1,5 SM 16.3%
  • 1,5 a 2 SM 29%
  • 2 a 3 SM 30%
  • 3 a 5 SM 14.4%
  • mais de 5 SM 8.2%
Household heads in tracts with a median of up to 2 minimum wages

47 %

548,714 of the 1,156,822 heads in tracts with data

Highest tract median income

28,000 R$

In Indaiatuba: 23 minimum wages

Layers

  • setores polygon 6,548 census tracts: household heads, residents, mean and median household head income
  • municipios polygon Outline of the 20 municipalities

Metadata

Extent
Campinas Metropolitan Region (SP)
CRS / Projection
SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software
Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method
Median monthly nominal income of household heads with income, by 2022 Census tract, in six classes measured in 2022 minimum wages (R$ 1,212).
Version
v1.0.0
Licence
CC BY 4.0

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Renda do responsável: a renda desenha outra fronteira [Household head income: Income draws another border] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539051

No. 033 Census · income Campinas Metropolitan Region 2/4

Households per km²

Half the homes on 3.4 % of the ground

Fig. 033 Campinas Metropolitan Region (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

The 2022 Census counted 1,157,476 occupied households in the 20 municipalities of the Campinas Metropolitan Region, home to 3,179,156 people. Half of those homes fit into 129 km², 3.4% of the region’s area. The map colours each of the 6,548 census tracts by households per km² and shows the city in layers: central Campinas and the neighbourhoods of Sumaré, Hortolândia and Americana above 5,000, the fringe of housing estates between 1,000 and 5,000 and, all around, the countryside, below 100. Hortolândia is the densest municipality, with 1,295 households per km²; Morungaba the least dense, with 33. Second plate of the collection “Campinas Metropolitan Region”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

The region’s households, by tract density (households per km²) (households)
  • até 100 2.1%
  • 100 – 1.000 13.2%
  • 1.000 – 2.500 32.6%
  • 2.500 – 5.000 33.2%
  • 5.000 – 10.000 9.1%
  • mais de 10.000 9.9%
Households per km², whole municipality (five densest) (households/km²)
  • Hortolândia 1,295
  • Americana 666
  • Sumaré 642
  • Campinas 541
  • Vinhedo 339
Area holding half the households

129 km²

3.4% of the region’s 3,791 km²

Layers

  • setores polygon 6,548 census tracts: urban/rural status, area, people, occupied households and households per km²
  • municipios polygon 20 municipalities: households, people, area, tracts and households per km²

Metadata

Extent
Campinas Metropolitan Region (SP)
CRS / Projection
SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software
Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method
Occupied private households in each 2022 Census tract divided by the tract’s area, in six fixed-break classes.
Version
v1.0.0
Licence
CC BY 4.0

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Domicílios por km²: metade dos lares em 3,4 % do chão [Households per km²: Half the homes on 3.4 % of the ground] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539032

No. 032 Land use Campinas Metropolitan Region 1/4

Land use and land cover

Between cane and city, islands of forest

Fig. 032 Campinas Metropolitan Region (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: MapBiomas, IBGE

The grey patch of the city already covers 21.1% of the 3,791 km² of the Campinas Metropolitan Region, and 72.6% of Hortolândia. To the west, sugarcane takes half of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste (49.3%) and 39.7% of Cosmópolis. To the east, in the hills of Morungaba, Itatiba and Pedreira, the forest holds out in islands: 7,743 forest fragments, only 31 of them larger than 1 km². The largest, in Itatiba, covers 8.6 km². The most common class is none of these but the mosaic of uses (29.3%): pastures, small fields and country plots that the satellite cannot tell apart at 30 m. First plate of the collection “Campinas Metropolitan Region”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

The region by land use and cover class (km²) (km²)
  • Mosaico de usos 29.3%
  • Área urbanizada 21.1%
  • Pastagem 15.7%
  • Cana 11.9%
  • Soja e outras lavouras 9.1%
  • Formação florestal 9.1%
  • Silvicultura 1.6%
  • Água 1.1%
  • Campo e área úmida 0.8%
  • Mineração e outras áreas sem vegetação 0.3%
Urban share of the municipality (top five) (%)
  • Hortolândia 73
  • Americana 43
  • Vinhedo 37
  • Paulínia 36
  • Sumaré 35
Largest forest fragment

8.6 km²

In Itatiba; there are 7,743 fragments, 31 of them over 1 km²

Layers

  • cobertura_2024 raster GeoTIFF of the 2024 classification clipped to the region, with the original MapBiomas codes and the plate’s palette in a .qml style
  • municipios polygon 20 municipalities: area and km² and % of each of the ten classes
  • limite_rmc polygon Outline of the region

Metadata

Extent
Campinas Metropolitan Region (SP)
CRS / Projection
SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software
Python · rasterio · GeoPandas · SciPy · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method
MapBiomas Collection 10 classification for 2024, 30 m pixels, grouped into ten classes; each pixel’s area measured on the ellipsoid and summed for the region and for each municipality.
Version
v1.0.0
Licence
CC BY 4.0

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Uso e cobertura da terra: entre a cana e a cidade, ilhas de mata [Land use and land cover: Between cane and city, islands of forest] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539003

No. 031 Energy · biomass Bioenergy in São Paulo 4/4

Mills and cane

The harvest that lights the grid

Fig. 031 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: ANEEL, IBGE, EPE

After crushing, sugarcane bagasse goes into the boiler, and the steam makes the mill’s own electricity plus a surplus for the grid. In São Paulo, 211 bagasse power stations are registered with ANEEL, 206 of them in operation, with 6.18 GW of licensed capacity; the largest, Barra Bioenergia in Barra Bonita, has 136 MW. Over the map of cane harvested in 2024, the circles show that the energy is born where the crop is: the 140 municipalities with at least one such station accounted for 48.8% of the cane harvested in the state. There, between cane field and substation, waste becomes grid. Final plate of the collection “Bioenergy in São Paulo”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Bagasse capacity in operation

6,179 MW

206 stations in operation and 5 being built

Largest bagasse power stations (MW)
  • Barra Bioenergia 136
  • Cocal II 131
  • Bonfim 111
  • Conquista do Pontal 110
  • Vale do Rosário 97
Cane in municipalities with a station

49 %

140 municipalities with at least one bagasse power station

Layers

  • ute_bagaco point 211 sugarcane-bagasse power stations: phase, capacity (kW), start of operations
  • usinas_epe_2018 point 161 sugar-energy mills from the EPE WebMap 2018: type, crushing class, ethanol capacity
  • municipios polygon 645 municipalities: cane production (t), number and capacity of power stations
  • regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
  • limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Extent
São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection
SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software
Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method
SIGA bagasse power stations, by licensed capacity, over PAM 2024 cane production by municipality, in six quantile classes.
Version
v1.0.0
Licence
CC BY 4.0

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Usinas e cana: a colheita que acende a rede [Mills and cane: The harvest that lights the grid] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23538990

No. 030 Land use Bioenergy in São Paulo 3/4

Sugarcane

A green sea over a fifth of the state

Fig. 030 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

In 2024, São Paulo’s cane fields were harvested over 5.40 million hectares, 21.7% of the state, and yielded 418.6 million tonnes of cane. In 88 municipalities the harvested area exceeds half the territory; in Areiópolis it reaches 82%, and in Jaboticabal 81%. The map shows the dark patch that covers the north and centre of the state and has Morro Agudo as its largest producer (7.0 million tonnes), and it shows where the patch ends: in the Paraíba valley, the Ribeira valley and Greater São Paulo, cane all but disappears. Every tonne harvested leaves bagasse and straw, and every litre of ethanol leaves vinasse; this is the map São Paulo’s bioenergy rests on. Third plate of the collection “Bioenergy in São Paulo”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Harvested area

5,398,676 ha

21.7% of the state’s territory; 508 municipalities with harvested cane

Production

418,569,112 t

In 88 municipalities, harvested cane covers more than half the territory

Largest producers (t)
  • Morro Agudo 6,974,210
  • Barretos 6,452,296
  • Guaíra 5,207,000
  • Jaboticabal 4,719,100
  • Rancharia 4,650,776

Layers

  • municipios polygon 645 municipalities: harvested area (ha), production (t), share of territory (%) and yield (t/ha)
  • regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
  • limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Extent
São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection
SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software
Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method
Harvested area and production of sugarcane from PAM 2024 joined to the Municipal Mesh by IBGE code; harvested area divided by municipal area, in six quantile classes.
Version
v1.0.0
Licence
CC BY 4.0

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Cana-de-açúcar: um mar verde sobre um quinto do estado [Sugarcane: A green sea over a fifth of the state] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23538956

No. 029 Energy · biomass Bioenergy in São Paulo 2/4

Livestock

Three herds, three geographies

Fig. 029 São Paulo state (SP) EPSG:4674 Source: IBGE

In 2024, São Paulo state held 10.8 million cattle, 1.5 million pigs and 205 million poultry. Side by side, the three herds occupy the state in different ways: cattle spread across the west, led by Presidente Bernardes (151,407 head) and Mirante do Paranapanema (138,268); pigs gather in a few hubs, such as Itu and Cerqueira César, each with over 100,000 head; and poultry cluster in farms, with Bastos alone holding 13.7 million birds. For anyone thinking about biogas, density matters more than the total: many animals on little land also concentrate the manure. Second plate of the collection “Bioenergy in São Paulo”.

Technical record · downloads · citation

At a glance

Cattle

10,756,815 head

617 municipalities with cattle; largest herd: Presidente Bernardes (151,407)

Pigs

1,480,785 head

584 municipalities with pigs; largest herd: Itu (117,600)

Poultry

205,018,513 head

572 municipalities with poultry; largest flock: Bastos (13,650,920)

Layers

  • municipios polygon 645 municipalities: herd size and density (head/km²) of cattle, pigs and poultry
  • regioes_intermediarias polygon 11 intermediate geographic regions
  • limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Extent
São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection
SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software
Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method
Cattle, pig and poultry numbers from PPM 2024 joined to the Municipal Mesh by IBGE code and divided by municipal area; six quantile classes.
Version
v1.0.0
Licence
CC BY 4.0

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Rebanhos: três rebanhos, três geografias [Livestock: Three herds, three geographies] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23506048

Technical record

Technical record · No. 036

River basins

At a glance

Share of São Paulo’s population, by UGRHI (top five) (%)
  • 6 · Alto Tietê 46
  • 5 · Piracicaba/Capivari/Jundiaí 13
  • 10 · Tietê/Sorocaba 5.1
  • 2 · Paraíba do Sul 5.1
  • 7 · Baixada Santista 4.1
Density in Alto Tietê

3,456 people/km²

In Pontal do Paranapanema: 20.8 people/km²

Layers

  • ugrhi polygon 22 UGRHIs: area, municipalities, 2022 population and density
  • municipios polygon 645 municipalities, with the assigned UGRHI, the share of territory in it and the 2022 population
  • hidrovia line Tietê-Paraná waterway
  • eclusas point 8 locks on the waterway
  • limite_estadual polygon State boundary

Metadata

Extent
São Paulo state (SP)
CRS / Projection
SIRGAS 2000 (EPSG:4674)
EPSG:4674
Software
Python · GeoPandas · GDAL · QGIS · Node.js · d3-geo
Method
Each municipality assigned to the UGRHI covering most of its territory; 2022 Census population summed by UGRHI and divided by basin area, in six quantile classes.
Version
v1.0.0
Licence
CC BY 4.0

Downloads

Figure to reuse

The map without a frame, with legend, scale, reference system and credit written on it: ready for papers, lectures and slides. In two versions: with the basemap (neighbours and sea) or only the mapped area, on white.

Point a camera at it to open this page.

How to cite

Cerejo, L. N. (2026). Bacias hidrográficas: vinte e duas casas para a mesma chuva [River basins: Twenty-two homes for the same rain] (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23539331

Data and plates under CC BY 4.0: use them in commercial drawings and papers, citing the source.

100%